PAC Cadet Scholarship Exam flashcards
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- Subject-verb agreement rule
- A singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb. Indefinite pronouns such as each, every, and either take a singular verb.
- Active to passive voice
- Move the object to the subject position, use the correct form of be with the past participle, and add by plus the original subject only when it is useful.
- Articles a, an, the
- Use a before consonant sounds and an before vowel sounds, such as an hour and a university. Use the for specific, previously mentioned, or unique nouns.
- Commonly confused word pairs
- Affect is usually a verb meaning to influence, while effect is usually a noun meaning result. Its shows possession, whereas it's is the contraction of it is.
- Direct to indirect speech
- Shift present tenses to past, adjust pronouns to match the reporter, and change time words: now becomes then, today becomes that day, tomorrow becomes the next day.
- Comma splice
- A comma splice joins two independent clauses with only a comma. Fix it with a full stop, a semicolon, or a coordinating conjunction.
- Prepositions of time
- Use in for months, years, and long periods; on for days and dates; at for clock times and fixed points such as at noon and at night.
- Circle area and circumference
- The area of a circle is pi times the square of the radius. Its circumference is two times pi times the radius.
- Pythagoras theorem
- In a right triangle the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides. Common triples include 3-4-5 and 5-12-13.
- Speed unit conversion
- Average speed equals total distance divided by total time. To convert kilometres per hour to metres per second, multiply by five over eighteen.
- Percentage change formula
- Percentage change equals the new value minus the old value, divided by the old value, then multiplied by one hundred.
- Simple interest formula
- Simple interest equals principal times rate times time divided by one hundred. The rate is annual and time is measured in years.
- Angle sum facts
- Angles on a straight line add to 180 degrees, angles around a point add to 360 degrees, and the interior angles of any triangle add to 180 degrees.
- Ratio division rule
- To divide a quantity in the ratio m to n, split it into m plus n equal parts, find the value of one part, then multiply by each ratio term.
- Difference of squares
- The expression a squared minus b squared factorises as a minus b times a plus b. The square of a plus b expands to a squared plus 2ab plus b squared.
- Pakistani provinces and capitals
- Punjab has capital Lahore, Sindh has Karachi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has Peshawar, and Balochistan has Quetta. Islamabad is the federal capital territory.
- K2 mountain
- K2, also called Godwin-Austen, rises 8,611 metres in the Karakoram range. It is the second-highest mountain in the world after Everest.
- Organisation secretariats
- The United Nations is headquartered in New York, the OIC secretariat is in Jeddah, and the SAARC secretariat is in Kathmandu.
- Indus River
- The Indus is Pakistan's longest river. It rises in Tibet, flows through the country, and empties into the Arabian Sea near Thatta.
- Five Pillars of Islam
- The five pillars are Shahadah, the declaration of faith; Salah, prayer; Sawm, fasting in Ramadan; Zakat, almsgiving; and Hajj, pilgrimage to Makkah.
- Daily obligatory prayers
- The five daily obligatory prayers are Fajr, Zuhr, Asr, Maghrib, and Isha. Each has a fixed time window, and Fajr ends at sunrise.
- Zakat rate
- Zakat is due at two and a half percent of qualifying wealth held for one lunar year above the nisab threshold. It is obligatory for eligible Muslims.
- Fasting window
- Sawm in Ramadan runs from dawn, at Fajr, until sunset, at Maghrib. It is obligatory for able adults and excused for the ill and travellers.
- Hajj core rites
- Hajj is performed in Dhul Hijjah. Core rites include entering ihram, tawaf of the Kaaba, standing at Arafah on the ninth, and the farewell tawaf.
- Quran and Sunnah
- The Quran was revealed to Prophet Muhammad over about twenty-three years. The Sunnah is his recorded practice and is preserved in hadith collections.
- Core Islamic ethics
- Islamic ethics emphasise sidq, meaning honesty; amanah, meaning trustworthiness; adl, meaning justice; and kindness to parents and neighbours.
- Lahore Resolution
- The All-India Muslim League passed the Lahore Resolution on 23 March 1940, demanding independent states in the Muslim-majority regions of the subcontinent.
- Pakistan independence date
- Pakistan became independent on 14 August 1947. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Quaid-e-Azam, served as the country's first Governor-General.
- Constitution of 1973
- Pakistan's current Constitution was adopted in 1973. It establishes a parliamentary system in which the Prime Minister is the chief executive.
- Indus Plain
- The Indus Plain is Pakistan's most fertile and densely populated region. The Thar Desert lies in southeastern Sindh, and the Potwar Plateau in northern Punjab.
- Parliament structure
- Pakistan's Parliament consists of the National Assembly and the Senate. Provinces are headed by a Chief Minister, and the President is the head of state.
- Major crops and exports
- Agriculture employs a large share of Pakistan's workforce. Major crops include wheat, rice, cotton, and sugarcane, and textiles are a leading export.