Kuwait Board Ophthalmology flashcards
Kuwait Board Ophthalmology · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Corneal endothelium
- Single layer of nonregenerating cells that pumps fluid out of the stroma; endothelial cell loss or dysfunction leads to corneal edema and loss of transparency.
- Aqueous humor outflow
- Aqueous leaves the eye mainly through the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm canal, with a smaller uveoscleral route; obstruction raises intraocular pressure.
- Snell law
- n1 sin θ1 equals n2 sin θ2 at an optical interface; it predicts refraction and total internal reflection when light passes from a denser to a less dense medium.
- Prism diopter
- One prism diopter deviates a light ray by 1 cm at a distance of 1 m; prisms are used to measure and treat strabismus.
- Spherical equivalent
- Sphere power plus half the cylindrical power; used to simplify a spherocylindrical prescription into a single spherical value.
- Vertex distance
- Distance between the back of a spectacle lens and the cornea; changes in vertex distance alter the effective power of high-plus or high-minus lenses.
- Bacterial keratitis
- Corneal infection with stromal infiltrate, epithelial defect, and possible hypopyon; contact lens wear and trauma are common risk factors requiring prompt antibiotic treatment.
- Acanthamoeba keratitis
- Painful contact lens-associated corneal infection with radial keratoneuritis and ring infiltrate; treated with biguanide antiseptics such as polyhexamethylene biguanide.
- Phacoemulsification
- Cataract surgery using ultrasound to emulsify the lens nucleus through a small incision; the capsule is opened with a continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis.
- Endophthalmitis
- Severe intraocular infection after surgery or trauma with pain, hypopyon, and vision loss; treated with intravitreal antibiotics and sometimes vitrectomy.
- Acute angle-closure glaucoma
- Sudden rise in intraocular pressure from blocked aqueous outflow with pain, nausea, corneal edema, and a mid-dilated pupil; treated urgently with medication and laser iridotomy.
- Glaucomatous visual field defect
- Pattern of vision loss from optic nerve damage, including nasal step, arcuate scotoma, and paracentral defects; pattern deviation highlights localized loss.
- Diabetic macular edema
- Fluid accumulation in the macula from diabetic retinopathy causing vision loss; treated with anti-VEGF injections or focal laser.
- Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
- Retinal detachment caused by a retinal tear allowing fluid under the retina; symptoms include flashes, floaters, and a curtain; treated with surgery.
- Anterior uveitis
- Inflammation of the iris and ciliary body with cells and flare in the anterior chamber; common causes include HLA-B27 disease, sarcoidosis, and herpes.
- Sympathetic ophthalmia
- Bilateral granulomatous uveitis after penetrating injury or surgery in one eye; treated with systemic steroids and immunosuppression.
- Optic neuritis
- Inflammation of the optic nerve causing painful vision loss, afferent pupillary defect, and dyschromatopsia; associated with multiple sclerosis.
- Horner syndrome
- Triad of ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis from disruption of the sympathetic pathway; localization depends on the affected neuron.
- Orbital cellulitis
- Infection of orbital tissues with fever, proptosis, pain, and restricted eye movement; requires urgent imaging and intravenous antibiotics.
- Chalazion
- Chronic lipogranuloma of a meibomian gland presenting as a painless eyelid nodule; treated with warm compresses, incision and curettage, or steroid injection.
- Amblyopia
- Reduced vision from abnormal visual experience during development; treated with refractive correction, patching, or atropine penalization.
- Leukocoria
- White pupillary reflex in a child; differential includes retinoblastoma, congenital cataract, and retinopathy of prematurity; requires urgent evaluation.
- Retinoblastoma
- Most common intraocular malignancy in children, presenting with leukocoria or strabismus; treated with chemotherapy, laser, cryotherapy, or enucleation.
- Uveal melanoma
- Most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults; pigmented choroidal mass treated with plaque brachytherapy, proton beam, or enucleation.
- Chemical eye burn
- Ocular injury from acid or alkali requiring immediate copious irrigation for at least 30 minutes; alkali burns are more severe and need urgent evaluation.
- Central retinal artery occlusion
- Sudden painless vision loss with a pale retina and cherry-red spot; a time-critical emergency requiring systemic evaluation.
- Traumatic hyphema
- Blood in the anterior chamber after trauma; managed with rest, topical steroids, cycloplegics, and pressure monitoring while avoiding aspirin.
- Trachoma
- Chlamydial conjunctivitis causing follicular inflammation, trichiasis, and corneal opacity; controlled with the SAFE strategy.
- Sebaceous carcinoma
- Aggressive eyelid tumor that can mimic a chalazion; treated with wide excision and frozen section margin control.
- Basal cell carcinoma
- Most common eyelid malignancy, presenting as a pearly nodule with telangiectasia; treated with excision with margin control.
- Open globe injury
- Full-thickness eye wall injury requiring shielding, avoidance of pressure, antibiotics, and urgent surgical repair.
- Orbital compartment syndrome
- Rapidly rising orbital pressure with proptosis and vision loss; treated with emergency lateral canthotomy and cantholysis.