Kuwait Dental Board General Dentistry flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

FDI two-digit system

The first digit identifies the quadrant (1–4 permanent, 5–8 primary) and the second the tooth position from the midline; maxillary right central incisor is 11.

Red complex bacteria

Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola are strongly associated with chronic periodontitis and are grouped together in the red complex.

Lidocaine maximum dose

Lidocaine 2% with 1:100,000 epinephrine has a maximum dose of about 7 mg/kg (4.4 mg/kg plain); one cartridge contains 36 mg of lidocaine.

37% phosphoric acid etch

Phosphoric acid at 37% is applied to enamel for 15–30 seconds, creating microporosity for resin infiltration and micromechanical bond strengths around 20 MPa.

C-factor

Configuration factor is the ratio of bonded to unbonded surface area in a cavity; a high C-factor increases polymerization shrinkage stress and risks marginal gap formation.

Glass ionomer cement properties

Glass ionomer bonds chemically to tooth structure, releases fluoride and has low thermal expansion, but its fracture toughness and wear resistance are lower than composite resin.

Working length determination

Working length is the distance from a coronal reference point to the apical constriction, usually 0.5–1.0 mm short of the radiographic apex, confirmed with an apex locator.

Sodium hypochlorite irrigation

NaOCl at 0.5–5.25% dissolves necrotic tissue and disinfects canals; a side-vented needle is kept 1–2 mm short of working length to avoid extrusion.

MB2 canal prevalence

A second mesiobuccal canal is present in roughly 60–90% of maxillary first molars and is a common cause of endodontic failure when left untreated.

Periodontitis staging

The 2018 classification stages periodontitis I–IV by severity and complexity and grades it A–C by progression rate, using attachment loss, probing depth, bone loss and risk factors.

Peri-implant mucositis

Peri-implant mucositis is reversible inflammation confined to soft tissue around an implant, with bleeding on probing but no progressive bone loss; peri-implantitis adds bone loss.

Implant spacing rule

An implant should be at least 1.5 mm from an adjacent tooth, 3 mm from another implant and 3 mm from the buccal bone plate to preserve crestal bone.

Ante's law

Ante's law states that the total root surface area of abutment teeth should equal or exceed that of the teeth being replaced by a fixed partial denture.

Ferrule effect

A 1.5–2 mm circumferential collar of sound dentin coronal to the preparation shoulder resists leverage and improves fracture resistance of a crowned endodontically treated tooth.

Kennedy classification

Kennedy class I is bilateral posterior edentulous area, class II unilateral posterior, class III unilateral bounded posterior and class IV anterior to the remaining teeth.

Ludwig's angina

A rapidly spreading bilateral submandibular, sublingual and submental cellulitis that threatens the airway and requires urgent airway protection, IV antibiotics and surgical decompression.

Avulsed tooth storage

An avulsed permanent tooth should be replanted immediately or stored in milk, saline or HBSS; extraoral dry time over 60 minutes markedly reduces periodontal healing.

Le Fort fracture levels

Le Fort I is a low transverse maxillary fracture, Le Fort II is pyramidal through the orbit and Le Fort III is craniofacial disjunction through the nasofrontal suture.

SNA SNB ANB norms

Cephalometric norms are SNA 82°, SNB 80° and ANB 2°; ANB above 4° suggests a skeletal Class II pattern and below 0° a Class III pattern.

Fluoride varnish concentration

5% sodium fluoride varnish contains 22,600 ppm fluoride and is applied to caries-prone surfaces two to four times yearly, especially in children at high caries risk.

First permanent molar eruption

The first permanent molar erupts at about 6 years and does not replace a primary tooth, so it is often mistaken for a primary molar and left untreated.

Pemphigus vulgaris

An autoimmune blistering disease with suprabasal acantholysis producing flaccid oral bullae and a positive Nikolsky sign; direct immunofluorescence shows intercellular IgG.

Ameloblastoma features

A benign but locally aggressive odontogenic tumour, most often in the posterior mandible, showing a multilocular soap-bubble radiolucency and requiring resection with margins.

ALARA principle

As Low As Reasonably Achievable means minimizing radiation dose by collimation, lead aprons, fast films or digital sensors and selecting the smallest field of view.

DMFT index

DMFT counts decayed, missing due to caries and filled permanent teeth; dmft uses lowercase letters for primary teeth, and the maximum score is 32.

Dean's fluorosis index

Dean's index grades dental fluorosis from normal through questionable, very mild, mild, moderate to severe based on the area of opaque enamel affected.

WHO sugar recommendation

WHO recommends free sugars below 10% of energy intake, with a further reduction below 5% for additional caries prevention benefit.

Autoclave sterilization cycle

Steam sterilization uses 121°C at 15 psi for 15 minutes or 134°C for 3 minutes; biological spore tests with Geobacillus stearothermophilus should be run weekly.

Needlestick post-exposure

Wash the wound with soap and water, report immediately and start HIV post-exposure prophylaxis within 2 hours; assess hepatitis B vaccination status and source serology.

Dental unit waterline limit

Dental unit waterlines should deliver no more than 500 colony-forming units per milliliter, achieved by flushing, independent water reservoirs and disinfectant treatment.

Informed consent elements

Valid consent requires patient capacity, adequate disclosure of risks, benefits and alternatives, voluntary decision-making and documentation of the discussion in the record.

Record retention period

Dental records for adults are typically kept 7 years after the last visit, and for minors until age 18 plus 7 years or the local statutory period.