Kuwait Dental Board Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Inferior alveolar artery

Main blood supply to the mandible, a branch of the maxillary artery; supplies the body and ramus, with periosteal contribution from facial and lingual arteries.

Marginal mandibular nerve

Branch of the facial nerve running near the inferior border of the mandible; injury causes lower lip depressor weakness; submandibular incisions should stay 1-2 cm below the border.

Lidocaine maximum dose

4.4 mg/kg without epinephrine and 7 mg/kg with epinephrine, with an absolute adult maximum around 500 mg; calculate using cartridge volume and concentration.

Antibiotic prophylaxis endocarditis

Reserved for high-risk cardiac conditions such as prosthetic valves or previous infective endocarditis; amoxicillin 2 g orally 30-60 minutes before the procedure, or an appropriate alternative.

Cone-beam CT

Three-dimensional imaging with lower dose than medical CT but higher than panoramic; used for implant planning, impacted teeth, and fractures; justify each scan and limit field of view.

Winter classification

Describes impacted third molar angulation as mesioangular, distoangular, horizontal, or vertical; used to predict extraction difficulty and surgical planning.

Fine-needle aspiration

Minimally invasive sampling of salivary gland or neck masses; ultrasound guidance improves yield; helpful for distinguishing cystic, inflammatory, and neoplastic lesions.

Odontogenic keratocyst recurrence

OKC grows along bone with minimal expansion and has high recurrence; multiple lesions in a young patient should prompt evaluation for Gorlin syndrome.

Gow-Gates block

Alternative mandibular nerve block targeting the neck of the condyle; higher success and lower positive aspiration than the conventional inferior alveolar block in some studies.

Local anesthetic toxicity

Presents with perioral numbness, metallic taste, tinnitus, seizures, and cardiovascular collapse; managed with airway support, benzodiazepines, and lipid emulsion for bupivacaine.

Flumazenil

Benzodiazepine antagonist used to reverse midazolam sedation; short half-life may require repeat dosing; monitor for resedation after administration.

Dry socket

Alveolar osteitis with severe pain 2-4 days after extraction, empty socket, and exposed bone; risk factors include smoking and traumatic extraction; treat with irrigation and medicated dressing.

Coronectomy

Intentional retention of third molar roots when close to the inferior alveolar canal; reduces nerve injury risk; contraindicated if roots are infected, mobile, or horizontally impacted.

Ludwig's angina

Bilateral infection of submandibular, sublingual, and submental spaces causing board-like swelling and airway compromise; requires airway management, IV antibiotics, and surgical drainage.

Le Fort I fracture

Horizontal maxillary fracture above the tooth apices; presents with midface mobility and malocclusion; managed with reduction and fixation.

Orbital blowout fracture

Fracture of the orbital floor with restricted upward gaze, diplopia, and enophthalmos; CT coronal view; urgent ophthalmology referral if vision changes.

Ameloblastoma

Locally aggressive benign odontogenic tumor, usually in the posterior mandible with a multilocular appearance; treated with resection and margins because curettage recurs.

Pleomorphic adenoma

Most common benign salivary gland tumor, typically in the parotid; treated with superficial parotidectomy with facial nerve preservation; enucleation risks recurrence.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma

Malignant salivary gland tumor with perineural invasion, late recurrence, and distant metastasis; requires wide resection and long-term follow-up.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma

Most common oral malignancy, linked to tobacco, alcohol, and betel quid; any nonhealing ulcer over two weeks should be biopsied; treatment is wide excision with neck management as indicated.

Osteoradionecrosis

Exposed irradiated bone persisting more than three months without healing; management ranges from conservative care to resection with reconstruction in advanced cases.

Disc displacement without reduction

Temporomandibular joint disorder with limited opening, deviation to the affected side, and no click; managed conservatively first, with arthrocentesis for persistent closed lock.

Bilateral sagittal split osteotomy

Mandibular orthognathic procedure; risks include inferior alveolar nerve injury, unfavorable split, bleeding, and relapse; fixation with plates or screws.

Sinus lift

Augmentation of the posterior maxilla for implant placement via lateral window or crestal approach; risks include membrane perforation and infection.

Peri-implantitis

Inflammation around an implant with progressive bone loss; risk factors include smoking, poor hygiene, and periodontitis history; treat with debridement and possible surgery.

Anaphylaxis management

Epinephrine 0.3-0.5 mg intramuscularly in adults, repeated every 5-15 minutes as needed; oxygen, IV fluids, and antihistamines are adjuncts; call emergency services.

Standard precautions

Infection control measures applied to all patients: hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, safe sharps handling, and sterilization of instruments.

Pregnancy and elective surgery

Elective oral surgery is generally avoided in the first trimester; use category B drugs, left lateral positioning, and local anesthesia with epinephrine when needed.

Sensitivity and specificity

Sensitivity is the true positive rate; specificity is the true negative rate; positive predictive value depends on disease prevalence in the population tested.

Informed consent

Requires capacity, disclosure of risks, benefits, and alternatives, voluntariness, and documentation; emergency exception applies when immediate treatment is necessary.

Randomized controlled trial

Study design where participants are randomly allocated to interventions; reduces selection bias and supports causal inference; considered high-level evidence for therapy questions.

Clinical audit

Quality improvement cycle comparing practice against standards, implementing change, and re-auditing; supports evidence-based practice and patient safety.