Substantive and Procedural Law in Specialized Areas
What the exam tests
This section tests specialised substantive and procedural rules in economic, tax, land, labour, family and intellectual property law, including the role of specialised courts.
Core rules
- Economic courts hear disputes between entrepreneurs and commercial disputes; specialised administrative courts hear public-law disputes.
- Tax disputes follow the Tax Code: mandatory pre-trial appeal to the tax authority is required before certain court claims.
- Land law is codified in the Land Code of 2003: ownership, lease, servitudes, land categories and state registration.
- Labour law is in the Labour Code of 2015: employment contract, working time, dismissal and dispute resolution; labour disputes go to court after internal procedures where required.
- Family law is in the Family Code of 2011: marriage at 18, reducible to 16 in statutory cases; division of joint property and child protection.
- Intellectual property is protected by the Copyright Law, the Patent Law and the Trademark Law; registration matters for patents and marks.
Worked example
An entrepreneur disputes a tax assessment. The Tax Code requires pre-trial appeal. If the entrepreneur files directly in court without appealing to the authorised tax body, the court returns the claim. After the appeal decision, the court reviews legality, factual basis and calculation.
Traps
- Skipping mandatory pre-trial tax appeal.
- Treating labour disputes as ordinary civil claims without checking special rules.
- Assuming copyright and trademarks have the same registration requirements.