Kazakhstan Master's CT flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Leading activity

In developmental psychology, the activity that dominates a given age stage and drives the main psychological new formations of that stage, such as play in preschool or learning in school age.

Zone of proximal development

The gap between what a learner can do independently and what the learner can do with adult or peer support; instruction is most effective when aimed at this zone.

Formative assessment

Assessment conducted during instruction to diagnose understanding and adjust teaching; it feeds learning rather than certifying a final outcome, unlike summative assessment.

Authoritative parenting style

A child-rearing pattern combining high expectations and firm control with high warmth and responsiveness, generally linked to the most adaptive developmental outcomes among the classic four styles.

Constructivism

A learning theory holding that learners actively build knowledge by connecting new information to prior experience and mental models, rather than passively receiving transmitted content.

Intrinsic motivation

Motivation arising from interest, enjoyment, or a sense of competence in the activity itself, rather than from external rewards or pressures such as grades or praise.

Vowel harmony in Kazakh

A phonological rule requiring suffixes to match the frontness or backness of the stem vowels, so front-vowel stems take front suffixes and back-vowel stems take back suffixes.

Kazakh plural suffixes

The plural markers -лар/-лер/-дар/-дер/-тар/-тер, whose initial consonant is selected by the final sound of the stem, with voiceless stems taking -тар or -тер.

Agglutinative language

A language type in which words are formed by chaining distinct suffixes onto a root, each suffix carrying one grammatical meaning, as in Kazakh and other Turkic languages.

Russian verb aspect

A grammatical category distinguishing imperfective verbs, which present an action as ongoing or repeated, from perfective verbs, which present it as completed with a result.

Russian prepositional case use

With the prepositions в or на, the prepositional case marks location, while the accusative marks direction of motion toward that place.

Kazakh genitive suffix

The possessive-genitive marker added to a noun to express possession or belonging, appearing in variants such as -ның, -нің, -дың, -дің, -тың, and -тің.

Russian noun gender cues

Gender is usually predictable from the nominative ending: consonant, -й, or -ь for masculine, -а or -я for feminine, and -о or -е for neuter; -ь nouns need memorized gender.

Present perfect vs past simple

Present perfect connects a past action to present relevance and resists definite past time markers, while past simple reports a finished action located in a closed past period.

Third conditional

An English conditional structure using had plus past participle in the if-clause and would have plus past participle in the result, expressing an unreal past situation and its imagined result.

German two-way prepositions

Prepositions such as in, an, auf, über, and unter that take the accusative for motion or direction and the dative for position or location.

German subordinate clause order

In a subordinate clause introduced by a conjunction such as dass, weil, or wenn, the conjugated verb moves to the final position of the clause.

French past participle with avoir

When formed with the auxiliary avoir, the past participle agrees in gender and number only with a direct object that precedes it in the sentence.

Inference reading question

A comprehension item requiring a conclusion that follows from the passage but is not stated verbatim, so the answer must be supported by the text without overgeneralizing.

Reading distractor overgeneralization

A wrong answer option that converts a limited or qualified claim in the passage into an absolute one using words like all, always, never, or only.

Contrapositive

The logically equivalent form of a conditional: from A implies B one may infer not-B implies not-A, while the converse B implies A is not equivalent.

Quantifier negation

The rule that negating a universal statement yields an existential statement with a negated predicate, and negating an existential yields a universal with a negated predicate.

Middle term distribution

A requirement of valid categorical syllogisms: the middle term, which appears in both premises and not the conclusion, must be distributed in at least one premise.

Type I error

In hypothesis testing, rejecting a null hypothesis that is actually true, conventionally controlled by setting the significance level, usually at five percent.

Type II error

In hypothesis testing, failing to reject a null hypothesis that is actually false; its probability is related to statistical power, which is one minus that probability.

Affirming the consequent

A formal fallacy taking the form: if A then B; B is true; therefore A. It confuses a sufficient condition with a necessary one.

Probability sampling

A sampling approach in which every population element has a known nonzero chance of selection, such as simple random, stratified, or cluster sampling, permitting statistical generalization.

Validity versus reliability

Validity is the degree to which an instrument measures the intended construct; reliability is the consistency of repeated measurements. An instrument can be reliable yet invalid.

Short-term memory capacity

The limited store holding information currently in use, classically estimated at about seven plus or minus two units, extended by chunking related items into larger units.

Behaviorism

A psychological approach explaining learning through observable stimulus-response connections strengthened by reinforcement, treating internal mental states as outside its explanatory scope.

Research question to hypothesis

A research question states what is being investigated; a hypothesis restates it as a testable, falsifiable prediction about the relation between defined variables.

Stratified sampling

A probability sampling method dividing the population into homogeneous subgroups and drawing random samples from each, ensuring representation of every stratum in the final sample.