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Beirut Bar Admission Test study materials
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Beirut Bar Admission Test practice questions

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Question 1Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

In Lebanese civil law, which source ranks first in the hierarchy of sources of obligations?

  1. Local commercial custom
  2. Statute (the Civil Code and special legislation) Correct answer.
  3. The contract between the parties
  4. Judicial precedent of the Court of Cassation

Explanation

Lebanon follows a codified civil-law tradition in which written legislation, principally the Code of Obligations and Contracts of 1932, is the primary source of obligations. Contract, custom, and case law operate only within limits set by statute.

Question 2Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

Under the Lebanese Code of Obligations and Contracts, a contract is formed in principle by:

  1. A written instrument signed by two witnesses
  2. Delivery of the object plus payment of the price
  3. Offer and acceptance, subject to any formal requirements imposed by law Correct answer.
  4. Registration of the agreement with the competent notary

Explanation

Consent is expressed through the meeting of offer and acceptance, which is the general rule for contract formation. Writing, notarization, or registration is required only where a specific rule imposes a formality, such as for certain real-property transactions.

Question 3Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

A seller and buyer agree on a price of USD 20,000 for an apartment, but no writing is drawn up. What is the position regarding the form of the sale?

  1. The sale is valid because consent alone suffices for every sale
  2. The sale is unenforceable against third parties unless the statutory formality for real property is completed Correct answer.
  3. The sale is valid but the price must be renegotiated before a notary
  4. The sale is void for lack of a written instrument

Explanation

Although consent is the general basis of contract, dispositions of real property are subject to formalities, and the transfer is not effective against third parties until those formalities are completed. The underlying agreement is not automatically void merely because it was not yet put in writing.

Question 4Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

Which of the following is an essential element of a valid contract under Lebanese civil law?

  1. A notarized instrument, a fixed term, and a penalty clause
  2. Capacity of the parties, consent, a determinate object, and a lawful cause Correct answer.
  3. Registration with the commercial register and a bank guarantee
  4. Approval by a public authority and a witness

Explanation

The validity of a contract rests on capacity, valid consent free of defects, a determinate and lawful object, and a lawful cause. Other items may be required for particular contracts but are not general conditions of validity.

Question 5Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

A person signs a contract after the other party threatens to reveal embarrassing private information unless he signs. What is the effect on the contract?

  1. The contract is voidable on the ground of duress (violence) vitiating consent Correct answer.
  2. The contract is valid because the threat caused no financial loss
  3. The contract is automatically void as contrary to public order
  4. The contract remains valid but the victim may claim damages only

Explanation

Duress consists in unlawful pressure that inspires a well-founded fear and drives a party to consent. Where the threat is unlawful and decisive, the victim may seek annulment of the contract rather than being limited to damages.

Question 6Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

A contract is concluded on the basis of a mistake about the identity of the object when that identity was the decisive reason for the party's consent. The mistake is:

  1. A ground for criminal prosecution of the other party
  2. A ground for annulment when it is excusable and decisive Correct answer.
  3. Irrelevant, because the object existed
  4. A ground for reducing the price only

Explanation

A mistake about the substance or identity of the object may vitiate consent where it was decisive and excusable. The remedy is annulment of the contract, not merely an adjustment of price.

Question 7Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

Which statement best describes the principle of the binding force of contract (pacta sunt servanda) in Lebanese law?

  1. A contract binds only the party who drafted it
  2. Parties may unilaterally withdraw whenever performance becomes inconvenient
  3. A contract has no force until a court confirms it
  4. Contracts lawfully formed bind the parties and must be performed in good faith Correct answer.

Explanation

Lawfully formed contracts have the force of law between the parties and must be performed in good faith. Unilateral withdrawal is possible only where the law or the contract allows it.

Question 8Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

A debtor owes a sum of money but fails to pay on the due date without justification. What is the general consequence regarding default?

  1. Default requires a formal court judgment in every case
  2. Default extinguishes the debt
  3. Default never arises without a notarial demand
  4. Default arises automatically from the mere lapse of the due date for a monetary obligation Correct answer.

Explanation

For obligations to pay a sum of money, the debtor is in default by the mere expiry of the agreed term, without need for a formal demand. This is a recognized exception to the general rule requiring a putting in default.

Question 9Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

A creditor suffers loss because the debtor delays performance of a contractual obligation. Which measure generally compensates the creditor for the delay?

  1. A penalty fixed by the court regardless of the agreement
  2. Moral damages only
  3. Damages corresponding to the loss suffered, including foreseeable loss Correct answer.
  4. Restitution of the price paid only

Explanation

The debtor in default is liable for damages representing the loss suffered and the gain of which the creditor was deprived, provided the loss was foreseeable. The parties may agree on a penalty clause, but the court does not invent one.

Question 10Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

What is the function of a penalty clause (clause pénale) in a contract?

  1. It fixes in advance the compensation owed for non-performance Correct answer.
  2. It transfers ownership of the object to the creditor
  3. It suspends the contract until the penalty is paid
  4. It replaces the entire contract with a new one

Explanation

A penalty clause determines in advance the compensation payable for contractual non-performance. Its core function is to establish an agreed financial consequence of breach. Ordinary agreed substitute compensation is not reducible merely because its amount is excessive; judicial adjustment depends on specific legal grounds and the nature of the clause.

Question 11Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

A contract contains a clause excluding all liability of the debtor for his own intentional wrongdoing. What is the effect of that clause?

  1. It converts the obligation into a natural obligation
  2. It is void because one cannot contract out of liability for intentional fault (dol) Correct answer.
  3. It is fully valid because freedom of contract prevails
  4. It is valid only if signed before a notary

Explanation

Clauses excluding or limiting liability for intentional fault or gross negligence are generally ineffective because they undermine the good-faith foundation of contractual liability. Such a clause cannot be relied on to escape responsibility for deliberate wrongdoing.

Question 12Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

Which of the following is the correct definition of a unilateral obligation?

  1. An obligation owed by both parties at once
  2. An obligation in which only one party is bound to the other Correct answer.
  3. An obligation that can be performed by anyone
  4. An obligation that arises only from statute

Explanation

A unilateral obligation binds only one party, as where a donor promises a gift without any reciprocal duty on the donee. It is contrasted with synallagmatic obligations, where both parties are bound.

Question 13Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

In a synallagmatic contract, one party fails to perform. What remedy allows the other party to withhold performance until the first party performs?

  1. The action for annulment for fraud
  2. The revocatory action
  3. The plea of non-performance (exceptio non adimpleti contractus) Correct answer.
  4. The action for unjust enrichment

Explanation

In bilateral contracts, a party may refuse to perform while the other party has not performed, because the obligations are interdependent. This plea is temporary and ceases once the other party performs or offers to perform.

Question 14Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

Which clause allows a party to terminate a contract without court intervention in case of the other party's non-performance?

  1. An express termination clause (clause résolutoire de plein droit) Correct answer.
  2. A most-favoured-nation clause
  3. A confidentiality clause
  4. A non-compete clause

Explanation

An express termination clause provides that the contract is automatically terminated if a party fails to perform, often after a formal notice. It operates by agreement of the parties and avoids the need to seek judicial resolution.

Question 15Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

A debtor transfers a sum of money to a creditor to extinguish the debt. This mode of extinguishing obligations is called:

  1. Confusion
  2. Payment (performance) Correct answer.
  3. Novation
  4. Set-off

Explanation

Payment is the performance of the obligation owed, such as delivery of the money due, and it extinguishes the obligation. It is the normal mode of extinction, distinct from novation, set-off, or confusion.

Question 16Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

Where two persons are mutually indebted for sums of money that are liquidated and due, the smaller debt may be extinguished to the extent of the larger. This is:

  1. Set-off (compensation) Correct answer.
  2. Assignment of debt
  3. Delegation
  4. Subrogation

Explanation

Set-off operates between reciprocal, liquidated, and due debts and extinguishes them up to the amount of the smaller. It occurs by operation of law where the conditions are met, unless the parties exclude it.

Question 17Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

A creditor assigns a claim to a third party. Which statement reflects the general rule on the debtor's position?

  1. The debtor is discharged by paying the original creditor until the assignment is notified or accepted Correct answer.
  2. The assignment is void unless the debtor consents
  3. The debtor must always pay the assignee even without notice
  4. The debtor may ignore the assignment entirely

Explanation

An assignment of claim takes effect against the debtor only once it is notified to him or accepted by him. Payment made in good faith to the original creditor before that point discharges the debtor.

Question 18Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

What distinguishes a real right from a personal right?

  1. A real right is enforceable against the world and attaches to a thing; a personal right is enforceable against a specific obligor Correct answer.
  2. A personal right always survives the death of the parties
  3. A real right exists only in movable property
  4. A real right may be created without any legal basis

Explanation

Real rights, such as ownership and usufruct, attach directly to a thing and are opposable to everyone. Personal rights arise from an obligation and are enforceable only against the particular debtor.

Question 19Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

Which of the following best defines the full scope of the right of ownership?

  1. The power to use the thing only with the owner's consent
  2. The right to possess the thing for a fixed term only
  3. The right to receive a rent from a third party
  4. The exclusive powers to use, enjoy, and dispose of the thing, subject to limits imposed by law Correct answer.

Explanation

Ownership confers on its holder the fullest powers of use, enjoyment, and disposal over the thing, within the limits set by legislation and the rights of others. Lesser rights such as usufruct or lease confer more limited powers.

Question 20Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

A person occupies and possesses land for the statutory period, openly, continuously, peacefully, and in a manner consistent with ownership. What right may he acquire?

  1. A mortgage over the land
  2. A personal claim for restitution
  3. A servitude of passage only
  4. Ownership by acquisitive prescription (usucapion) Correct answer.

Explanation

Acquisitive prescription allows the possessor who satisfies the statutory conditions of duration, openness, continuity, peace, and unequivocal possession to acquire ownership. It is a mode of acquiring real rights, not merely a personal claim.

Question 21Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

What is a servitude (servitude de passage) in Lebanese property law?

  1. A charge imposed on one immovable (servient estate) for the benefit of another (dominant estate) Correct answer.
  2. A temporary lease of agricultural land
  3. A mortgage securing a loan
  4. A right of pre-emption over a neighbour's land

Explanation

A servitude is a real right burdening a servient estate for the use and benefit of a dominant estate, such as a right of passage. It runs with the land and binds successive owners.

Question 22Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

Two movable things belonging to different owners are combined to form a single new thing, and separation is impossible without damage. What is the general solution?

  1. Each owner remains owner of his original part
  2. Ownership of the new thing is determined by the rules on accession, with compensation to the other owner Correct answer.
  3. The new thing becomes res nullius
  4. The owners must sell the thing at auction in every case

Explanation

Where materials of different owners are united into a new thing and separation is impractical, the rules of accession determine ownership, generally in favour of the owner of the principal material or the party whose contribution predominates, with compensation for the other.

Question 23Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

A person enriches himself at another's expense without a legal cause, and the enriched party's gain corresponds to the other's loss. Which action is available?

  1. The action for annulment for lesion
  2. The revocatory action
  3. The action for unjust enrichment, within subsidiary limits Correct answer.
  4. The action for specific performance

Explanation

Unjust enrichment allows the impoverished party to recover the enrichment that has no legal cause, but the action is subsidiary and unavailable where a contract or other remedy exists. The enriched party must restore to the extent of his enrichment.

Question 24Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

A person voluntarily manages the affairs of another without mandate. Which regime applies to the manager's acts?

  1. A void contract with no legal effect
  2. Agency by estoppel
  3. Negotiorum gestio (management of another's affairs), which imposes duties of care and accounting Correct answer.
  4. Unjust enrichment only

Explanation

Management of another's affairs is a quasi-contract under which the manager must act prudently in the interest of the principal and account for his management. The principal must reimburse necessary and useful expenses incurred.

Question 25Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

A contract is concluded for an unlawful object, such as the sale of goods whose trade is prohibited by law. What is the sanction?

  1. The contract is valid but the parties must pay a fine
  2. The contract is valid if the price is fair
  3. The contract is voidable at the buyer's option only
  4. The contract is absolutely void for unlawfulness of the object Correct answer.

Explanation

An object that is unlawful or contrary to public order renders the contract absolutely void, and no performance can be demanded under it. The sanction is nullity, not a mere fine or price adjustment.

Question 26Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

Under the Lebanese Code of Civil Procedure, which court has general jurisdiction to hear a personal claim against a defendant who is a natural person?

  1. The Court of Cassation sitting in plenary session, because the claim is personal
  2. The court of the defendant's domicile, subject to the special rules on competing jurisdictions Correct answer.
  3. The commercial court, because all personal claims are commercial in nature
  4. The court of the plaintiff's domicile in every case, because the plaintiff chooses the forum

Explanation

The general rule of territorial jurisdiction is actor sequitur forum rei: a personal claim is brought before the court of the defendant's domicile. Special rules may displace this in particular matters, but the baseline remains the defendant's forum. The plaintiff does not enjoy a free choice of forum, and the Court of Cassation only reviews points of law.

Question 27Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

A Lebanese judge is asked to apply a foreign law designated by the parties' contract. Which statement reflects the general approach of the Lebanese conflict-of-laws regime?

  1. The foreign law must be applied as designated, unless it is contrary to Lebanese public order or the parties lacked capacity to choose it Correct answer.
  2. The foreign law may be applied only if the foreign state has a treaty of reciprocity with Lebanon
  3. The foreign law is applied automatically, and the judge must ignore any conflict with Lebanese public order
  4. The foreign law can never be applied by a Lebanese judge, because only Lebanese law applies in Lebanon

Explanation

Lebanese courts generally respect party autonomy in designating the applicable law, but the chosen law cannot displace rules of Lebanese public order or the imperative protections of weaker parties. Reciprocity is not a general condition for applying foreign law. The judge must always test the foreign law against the public-order filter.

Question 28Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

A seller and buyer agree on a price but leave the delivery date and place entirely undetermined, intending to settle them later. What is the effect of this agreement?

  1. The sale is valid, and delivery is due at the place of the seller's domicile at the time of the sale, since the parties' silence is supplemented by the law Correct answer.
  2. The sale is valid only if the delivery date and place are fixed within ten days of the agreement
  3. The sale is void because the delivery date is an essential element of the contract of sale
  4. The sale is void because the parties left an essential element to be fixed unilaterally by the seller

Explanation

The object and price are the essential elements of a sale; the time and place of delivery are not, and the law fills the gap. Absent a stipulation, delivery occurs at the seller's domicile at the time of the sale. Silence on ancillary terms does not invalidate the contract.

Question 29Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

A lessee rents an apartment for two years and sublets it to a third party without the lessor's authorization. What is the general legal position?

  1. The sublease is void in all cases and the subtenant has no right to occupy the premises
  2. The sublease is valid and fully enforceable against the lessor without any consent
  3. The sublease is enforceable against the lessor only if the lessor consented, and the lessor may pursue the original lessee for the rent regardless Correct answer.
  4. The sublease transfers the lease itself to the subtenant, ending the original lessee's obligations

Explanation

A sublease requires the lessor's consent to be enforceable against him; absent consent, the lessor may treat the sublease as inopposable. The original lessee remains bound to the lessor for the rent and for the use of the premises. A sublease does not transfer the lease itself, which would be an assignment.

Question 30Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

A debtor owes a sum of money and the creditor has not demanded payment for several years. Which statement correctly describes the effect of the passage of time on the claim?

  1. The claim is extinguished automatically by operation of law at the end of the statutory period, without any act by the debtor
  2. The claim never becomes time-barred, because money debts are imprescriptible
  3. The claim becomes time-barred after the statutory period, and the debtor must raise the limitation, which does not extinguish the debt automatically Correct answer.
  4. The claim becomes time-barred only if the creditor agrees to the limitation in writing

Explanation

Limitation extinguishes the action, not the natural obligation, and it must be invoked by the debtor; a court cannot raise it on its own motion. The underlying debt survives as a natural obligation, so voluntary payment remains valid. Money debts are subject to limitation like other personal claims.

Question 31Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

A contract includes a clause providing that if the debtor fails to perform, the creditor may keep a sum already paid as compensation. What is the principal risk this clause presents to the debtor?

  1. The clause is void because any prior fixing of damages is prohibited
  2. The clause converts the obligation into a purely moral duty
  3. The clause prevents the creditor from ever claiming specific performance
  4. The creditor may recover the stipulated sum without proving actual loss, and a court may reduce it if it is manifestly excessive Correct answer.

Explanation

A penalty clause fixes in advance the compensation due on non-performance, relieving the creditor of proving loss. Its main risk to the debtor is that the sum is owed without proof of harm, although the judge may reduce it when it is manifestly excessive. The clause does not eliminate the creditor's other remedies.

Question 32Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

A creditor wishes to preserve a claim against a debtor who is dissipating assets. Which provisional measure is designed to freeze the debtor's assets pending judgment?

  1. A final judgment on the merits obtained ex parte
  2. A criminal complaint for fraud filed against the debtor
  3. A notarial protest served on the debtor
  4. A conservatory attachment (saisie conservatoire) authorized by the competent judge Correct answer.

Explanation

The saisie conservatoire is a provisional measure that freezes the debtor's assets to secure a claim, subject to judicial authorization and the creditor's compliance with procedural conditions. It does not decide the merits. A criminal complaint or a notarial protest does not freeze assets.

Question 33Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

A company's board of directors resolves to sell a substantial part of the company's assets without the approval required by the company's bylaws. What is the general consequence of this irregularity?

  1. The resolution is automatically valid because the board is the supreme organ of the company
  2. The resolution is criminal per se, and the directors face imprisonment without further condition
  3. The resolution is valid but the sale is void in all cases against the purchaser
  4. The resolution may be annulled, and the company's liability toward third parties depends on whether the third party knew of the irregularity Correct answer.

Explanation

Acts of company organs that exceed the powers conferred by the bylaws may be annulled at the company's request. As against third parties, the company's ability to invoke the irregularity generally depends on the third party's knowledge. The board is not the supreme organ, and the irregularity is not criminal per se.

Question 34Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

A party to a contract claims that the other party's consent was vitiated by fraud (dol). Which element is essential to establish fraud?

  1. Material misrepresentation or concealment intended to deceive, which induced the contract Correct answer.
  2. A subsequent breach of the contract by the other party
  3. A mere failure to disclose information that a reasonable party would have volunteered
  4. A unilateral mistake by the party alleging fraud about the value of the performance

Explanation

Fraud requires a deceptive act or intentional concealment, an intent to deceive, and a causal link showing that the victim would not have contracted otherwise. Mere silence is not fraud unless the law imposes a duty to disclose. Breach of contract is a distinct ground of liability.

Question 35Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

A buyer discovers that the object sold suffers from a latent defect that makes it unfit for its intended use. Which action is available to the buyer under the warranty against latent defects?

  1. Only a claim for damages, because rescission is reserved for fraud
  2. Only rescission, because the seller may never impose a price reduction
  3. No action, because the buyer inspected the object before purchase
  4. Rescission of the sale with restitution of the price, or retention of the object with a reduction of the price Correct answer.

Explanation

The warranty against latent defects gives the buyer an election between rescission (redhibition) with restitution of the price and retention of the object with a reduction of the price. Damages may be added where the seller knew of the defect. Prior inspection does not automatically bar the action where the defect was hidden.

Question 36Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

A landowner discovers that a neighbour has built a structure that encroaches on his land. Which remedy best protects the landowner's ownership in kind?

  1. An action for damages only, because ownership cannot be protected in kind
  2. An action to acquire ownership of the neighbour's land by prescription
  3. An action for the removal of the encroachment and restoration of the boundary Correct answer.
  4. An action to register the encroachment as a servitude without compensation

Explanation

Ownership confers the right to recover the thing and to remove unlawful encroachments; the landowner may demand demolition and restoration of the boundary. Damages may be awarded in addition, but they are not the exclusive remedy. Prescription cannot legitimate a fresh encroachment.

Question 37Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

A creditor holds a pledge over a debtor's movable property. The debtor sells the pledged object to a third party. What is the general position of the pledgee?

  1. The pledgee must release the object and sue the debtor for damages only
  2. The pledgee may seize any of the third party's other assets, because the pledge follows the debtor's person
  3. The pledgee may enforce the pledge against the object in the third party's hands if the pledge was perfected and the third party had notice Correct answer.
  4. The pledge is extinguished automatically by the sale, and the pledgee has no recourse

Explanation

A perfected pledge follows the pledged object into the hands of third parties, subject to the rules on possession and publicity. The pledgee may enforce the security against the object where the third party had notice. The sale does not automatically extinguish a perfected security interest.

Question 38Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

A person is appointed by the court to administer the estate of a deceased person. Which duty characterizes his function?

  1. He administers and preserves the estate in the interest of the heirs and creditors, and renders an account of his management Correct answer.
  2. He becomes the owner of the estate until the heirs are identified
  3. He has no duty to account, because his appointment is discretionary
  4. He may distribute the estate freely among the heirs without any judicial control

Explanation

The court-appointed administrator of an estate acts as a fiduciary: he preserves and administers the estate for the benefit of heirs and creditors and must account for his management. He does not become owner of the estate. Distribution is governed by law and judicial supervision.

Question 39Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

Two parties enter into a contract that is valid in form but whose performance requires an act that is prohibited by a mandatory statute. What is the general effect on the contract?

  1. The contract is valid, and only a fine is imposed on the parties
  2. The contract is absolutely void because its object is unlawful, and restitution follows Correct answer.
  3. The contract is voidable at the option of the party who benefits from the prohibition
  4. The contract is valid but unenforceable, and the prohibition has no effect on restitution

Explanation

An unlawful object renders the contract absolutely void, not merely voidable, because the nullity protects a rule of public order. Restitution generally follows to prevent unjust enrichment, subject to the rules on turpitude. A statutory prohibition is not cured by a fine.

Question 40Civil Law (including obligations, contracts, property)

A builder agrees to construct a villa for an owner for a lump sum. Before any work begins, the owner dies and his heirs refuse to proceed with the construction. In Lebanese law, how is this contract characterized, and what is the consequence of the owner's death?

  1. It is a contract concluded intuitu personae, so the death of the owner terminates it automatically and the heirs cannot be compelled to perform. Correct answer.
  2. It is a contract of mandate, so it ends only if the builder also dies before starting the work.
  3. It is an ordinary synallagmatic contract, so the death of the owner has no effect and his heirs must perform in his place.
  4. It is a unilateral promise, so the heirs may either accept or reject the succession and thereby escape all obligations.

Explanation

A construction contract (contrat d'entreprise) is generally concluded in consideration of the person of the employer, so it is intuitu personae and the death of the employer ordinarily causes it to lapse, leaving the heirs bound only to the extent of obligations already accrued. The heirs are not obliged to continue a relationship that was contracted with reference to the deceased personally. This distinguishes the regime from ordinary contracts, which pass to heirs as part of the patrimony.

Question 41Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure

في القانون اللبناني، ما هي المدة القصوى للتوقيف الاحتياطي في جنحة قبل إحالة المتهم إلى المحكمة المختصة، وفقاً لقانون أصول المحاكمات الجزائية؟

  1. أربعة أيام قابلة للتمديد مرة واحدة Correct answer.
  2. عشرة أيام غير قابلة للتمديد
  3. شهر واحد قابل للتمديد مرة واحدة
  4. ستة أشهر قابلة للتمديد

Explanation

قانون أصول المحاكمات الجزائية اللبناني يحدد مدة التوقيف الاحتياطي في مواد الجنح بأربعة أيام قابلة للتمديد مرة واحدة بقرار معلل، بينما تكون المدد أطول في الجنايات. تجاوز هذه المدة دون سند قانوني يعرّض القرار للبطلان ويؤسس لمسؤولية القاضي أو النيابة العامة.

Question 42Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure

ارتكب شخص فعلاً مكوناً لجناية عقوبتها الأشغال الشاقة المؤقتة، لكنه كان في حالة جنون كامل وقت الفعل. ما هو الحكم القانوني في مسؤوليته الجزائية؟

  1. يحكم عليه بتدبير إصلاحي في السجن العادي
  2. يعفى من المسؤولية الجزائية لانعدام الإدراك والتمييز Correct answer.
  3. يعاقب بالعقوبة كاملة مع إيقاف التنفيذ
  4. تخفف العقوبة إلى جنحة

Explanation

ينص القانون اللبناني على أن من كان فاقد الإدراك أو التمييز وقت ارتكاب الفعل بسبب مرض عقلي لا يسأل جزائياً، لأن المسؤولية الجزائية تفترض توافر الإرادة والإدراك. قد يخضع الشخص لتدبير علاجي أو إصلاحي بحسب خطورته، لكن ذلك لا يعتبر عقوبة.

Question 43Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure

أوقف موظف مكلف بإنفاذ القانون شخصاً دون مذكرة ولا حالة تلبس، واقتاده إلى مركز الشرطة. أي وصف قانوني يلائم فعل الموظف؟

  1. إجراء تحفظي مباح بشرط الإبلاغ لاحقاً
  2. توقيف تحقيقي مشروع إذا توفرت القرائن
  3. توقيف إداري مشروع
  4. توقيف تعسفي يستوجب المساءلة الجزائية Correct answer.

Explanation

التوقيف دون سند قانوني كحالة التلبس أو مذكرة قضائية يشكل توقيفاً تعسفياً، ويعاقب عليه القانون اللبناني في نصوص تتعلق بحرية الأفراد. الإجراء التحفظي المباح لا يمنح الموظف سلطة اعتقال شخص لغير سبب قانوني محدد.

Question 44Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure

ما هو الأثر القانوني الأساسي لانقضاء الدعوى العامة بمرور الزمن في الجنايات في القانون اللبناني؟

  1. يبقى الحق في المطالبة بالتعويض أمام القضاء المدني Correct answer.
  2. يعاد فتح الدعوى إذا ظهرت أدلة جديدة
  3. تسقط العقوبة المحكوم بها نهائياً
  4. يستمر التحقيق الابتدائي دون محاكمة

Explanation

انقضاء الدعوى العامة بالتقادم لا يمس بالدعوى المدنية الناشئة عن الجريمة، إذ يمكن للمتضرر المطالبة بالتعويض أمام المحكمة المدنية ضمن مدد التقادم المدني. أما العقوبة المحكوم بها فتسقط بتقادم العقوبة لا بتقادم الدعوى العامة.

Question 45Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure

اقتحم شخص منزل غيره ليلاً بقصد السرقة دون استعمال سلاح أو عنف على الأشخاص. أي تكييف قانوني يلائم فعله؟

  1. سرقة بسيطة
  2. سرقة موصوفة Correct answer.
  3. تعدٍ على حرمة المسكن فقط
  4. إتلاف أموال

Explanation

السرقة الموصوفة في القانون اللبناني تشمل ظروفاً مشددة منها اقتحام المنزل ليلاً أو استعمال الكسر أو التسلق، وهي تضاعف العقوبة مقارنة بالسرقة البسيطة. اقتحام المسكن ليلاً بحد ذاته ظرف موصوف حتى دون سلاح.

Question 46Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure

ما هي المحكمة المختصة عادةً بالنظر في الجنايات في لبنان كدرجة أولى؟

  1. قاضي الأمور المستعجلة
  2. محكمة الجنايات Correct answer.
  3. محكمة الصلح
  4. محكمة الاستئناف

Explanation

محكمة الجنايات هي الجهة القضائية المختصة بالنظر في الجنايات كدرجة أولى في النظام القضائي اللبناني. أما محكمة الصلح فتنظر في الجنح والمخالفات الصغيرة، ومحكمة الاستئناف تنظر في الطعون.

Question 47Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure

أقدم شخص على إخفاء مال مسروق يعلم بأنه ناتج عن جريمة، دون أن يكون شريكاً في السرقة. ما هو التكييف القانوني لفعل الإخفاء؟

  1. شراكة في السرقة
  2. استلام غير مشروع لا يعاقب عليه
  3. مساهمة جنائية
  4. جريمة إخفاء أشياء مسروقة Correct answer.

Explanation

إخفاء الأشياء المسروقة أو حيازتها مع العلم بمصدرها الجرمي يشكل جريمة مستقلة هي جريمة الإخفاء، يعاقب عليها القانون اللبناني. لا تعتبر شراكة في السرقة لأن الإخفاء يقع عادة بعد تمام الجريمة الأصلية.

Question 48Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure

ما هي القاعدة العامة بشأن حجية الدليل المستمد من الاعتراف المنتزع بالإكراه في القانون اللبناني؟

  1. يبطل ويستبعد من الإثبات Correct answer.
  2. يعتبر دليلاً نسبياً يقدّره القاضي بحرية
  3. يقبل إذا كان مقروناً بقرائن أخرى
  4. يعتبر دليلاً كاملاً إذا صادق عليه المتهم لاحقاً

Explanation

الاعتراف المنتزع بالإكراه أو التعذيب أو التهديد باطل ولا يعتد به كدليل، لأن القانون اللبناني يحمي حرية الإرادة في الإقرار. يستبعد هذا الدليل من الإثبات ولا يمكن أن يشكل أساساً للحكم بالإدانة.

Question 49Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure

اتهم شخص بجرم سرقة، وتبين أن الفعل وقع خارج نطاق تطبيق قانون العقوبات اللبناني وفق مبدأ الإقليمية، دون وجود أي رابط آخر. ما هو القرار السليم للمحكمة اللبنانية؟

  1. الحكم بالإدانة استناداً إلى خطورة الفعل
  2. تأجيل البت في القضية لحين ورود تعليمات
  3. إعلان عدم اختصاصها لانتفاء الصلة الإقليمية Correct answer.
  4. إحالة الملف إلى النيابة العامة للتحقيق من جديد

Explanation

مبدأ إقليمية القانون الجزائي يعني أن القانون اللبناني يطبق عادة على الجرائم المرتكبة على الأراضي اللبنانية، ومع انتفاء الرابط الإقليمي لا تختص المحاكم اللبنانية. على المحكمة أن تعلن عدم اختصاصها بدلاً من الحكم في الموضوع.

Question 50Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure

قُبض على شخص في حالة تلبس بجناية، فما هو الإجراء الذي يجب أن تتخذه النيابة العامة أو الضابطة العدلية في شأنه؟

  1. الاكتفاء بتنظيم محضر وإرساله بالبريد
  2. إحالته إلى محكمة الجنايات مباشرة دون تحقيق
  3. إحالته إلى القاضي المختص أو اتخاذ إجراء التوقيف وفق الأصول Correct answer.
  4. إطلاق سراحه فوراً دون أي إجراء

Explanation

في حالة التلبس، يمكن القبض على الفاعل واقتياده إلى المرجع المختص، على أن تتخذ النيابة العامة أو الضابطة العدلية الإجراءات القانونية من استجواب وتحقيق وتوقيف وفق الأصول. لا يجوز إحالة المتهم مباشرة إلى المحكمة دون المرور بالتحقيق.