LPF LPC flashcards

36 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Informed consent

Ongoing process disclosing services, credentials, fees, confidentiality limits, risks, benefits, right to withdraw, and grievance procedures. It is documented at intake and revisited when treatment changes.

Privileged communication

A legal protection belonging to the client that prevents disclosure of therapy content in legal proceedings without consent. It is defined by state statute, not by professional ethics codes.

Boundary violation

A harmful departure from professional boundaries that exploits or harms the client, such as sexual contact or financial entanglement. It differs from a benign boundary crossing, which may be unavoidable and clinically neutral.

Mandatory reporting standard

The legal trigger is reasonable suspicion, not proof, of child, elder, or dependent-adult abuse or neglect. The duty is personal to the counselor and generally cannot be delegated.

Cultural encapsulation

Wrenn's term for treating one's own cultural assumptions as universal. It appears as imposing a single worldview, ignoring within-group variation, and relying on stereotypes.

Microaggression types

Brief indignities classified as microassaults (deliberate), microinsults (demeaning), and microinvalidations (negating experience). Many are unintentional yet harmful and should be addressed in session.

Acculturation strategies

Berry's four strategies from two dimensions: integration (heritage and host), assimilation (host only), separation (heritage only), and marginalization (neither). Strategy affects help-seeking and symptom presentation.

Intersectionality

The principle that multiple identities interact to create unique privilege and oppression. Single-axis analysis of race, gender, class, or disability alone is incomplete for case conceptualization.

Piaget concrete operational stage

Ages roughly 7 to 11, marked by conservation, reversibility, and classification. Children reason logically about concrete events but cannot yet reason abstractly or hypothetically.

Erikson identity versus role confusion

The psychosocial crisis of adolescence, with the virtue of fidelity. Exploration of roles and values resolves the crisis; failure yields confusion about self and future direction.

Zone of proximal development

Vygotsky's gap between what a learner can do independently and with guidance. Scaffolding is temporary support withdrawn as competence increases.

Bronfenbrenner microsystem

The innermost ecological level of direct settings such as family, school, and peers. The mesosystem links microsystems; the exosystem and macrosystem are indirect and cultural influences.

Holland RIASEC types

Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional. Congruence between a person's type and the work environment predicts satisfaction; differentiation describes clarity of the profile.

Super career adaptability

A revision of career maturity with four dimensions: concern, control, curiosity, and confidence. It describes readiness to cope with developmental tasks and work-role transitions.

Gottfredson circumscription

Children progressively eliminate occupational options based on gender, then prestige, then interests. Compromise occurs when preferred choices are sacrificed for accessibility.

Krumboltz happenstance theory

Career decisions are shaped by unplanned events. Counselors help clients recognize and capitalize on chance opportunities rather than assume a single predetermined career path.

Rogers core conditions

Unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding, and congruence (genuineness). Person-centered theory treats these relationship conditions as necessary and sufficient for therapeutic change.

Countertransference

The counselor's own unresolved conflicts and reactions projected onto the client. It is distinct from transference, in which the client projects onto the counselor.

Motivational interviewing OARS

Open questions, affirmations, reflections, and summaries. These microskills support the four processes of engaging, focusing, evoking, and planning while reducing the righting reflex.

Stages of change

Prochaska and DiClemente's sequence: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, with relapse possible. Interventions must match the client's current stage.

Tuckman group stages

Forming (orientation), storming (conflict and power), norming (cohesion and standards), performing (productivity), and adjourning (termination). Leaders adjust structure and directiveness by stage.

Yalom therapeutic factors

Group mechanisms including universality, altruism, hope, cohesiveness, catharsis, interpersonal learning, and corrective recapitulation of the family. Leaders name and cultivate these factors.

Group confidentiality limits

Leaders cannot guarantee member confidentiality because members are not bound by professional ethics. Leaders obtain commitments, state limits explicitly, and document the disclosure at screening.

Group screening

Pre-group assessment of fit and risk, excluding clients with acute suicidality, psychosis, or extreme hostility from certain groups. Inadequate screening is a frequent ethical failure.

Standard error of measurement

SEM equals the standard deviation times the square root of one minus reliability. Confidence intervals around an obtained score are built from the SEM.

T score

A standard score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. It is derived from a z score and is common on personality and symptom inventories.

Criterion validity

Evidence that scores relate to an outcome: concurrent validity compares with a current criterion, predictive validity forecasts a future criterion. It differs from content and construct validity.

Test bias

Systematic error in prediction for a subgroup, not merely group mean differences. A test can show adverse impact yet remain unbiased if it predicts equally well.

Internal validity threats

History, maturation, testing, instrumentation, regression to the mean, selection, and attrition. These rival explanations reduce confidence that treatment caused the observed change.

Type I and Type II error

Type I is rejecting a true null hypothesis (alpha); Type II is failing to reject a false null (beta). Statistical power equals 1 minus beta.

Cohen's d benchmarks

An effect size for mean differences: 0.2 small, 0.5 medium, 0.8 large. Statistical significance does not imply practical or clinical significance.

Grounded theory

A qualitative method that builds theory inductively from data through constant comparison and theoretical sampling. It differs from phenomenology, which studies lived experience.

Suicide risk assessment

Direct inquiry about ideation, plan, intent, means, and prior attempts, followed by documentation, safety planning, and referral when indicated. Asking directly does not increase risk.

Trauma-informed care principles

Safety, trustworthiness, peer support, collaboration, empowerment, and cultural humility. Symptoms are viewed as adaptive survival responses, and re-traumatization is actively avoided.

Integrated co-occurring treatment

Treating substance use and mental illness together in one setting. Sequential and parallel models generally produce poorer outcomes than integrated care.

DAP note format

Documentation with data (client content and behavior), assessment (clinical impression), and plan (next steps). Records are legal documents and must reflect interventions and client response.