Human Rights and Freedoms
Human-rights questions test Chapter II and the limits on rights, not just list-learning.
Core rules
Many rights apply to everyone, not only citizens. Article 19 protects life; Article 22 privacy; Article 23 property; Article 25 expression; Article 26 religion; Article 29 equality; Article 30 judicial protection; Article 31 fair trial and presumption of innocence. Article 28 says rights must be exercised without violating others’ rights and the Constitution.
Rights are not absolute. A limitation must have a legal basis, pursue a legitimate aim (such as rights of others, constitutional order, public order, health or morality), and be necessary and proportionate in a democratic society.
Worked example. A municipality bans a peaceful assembly because it dislikes the speaker. The ban fails: assembly is protected, dislike of the message is not a legitimate aim, and a blanket ban is not proportionate. A narrow time-place-manner rule with legal basis and evidence could survive.
Traps. Rights may be limited by administrative discretion - false, generally by law. Equality means identical treatment - false, it permits justified differentiation. Constitutional rights belong only to citizens - false for many rights. A right with no express limitation clause is unlimited - false; proportionate limitations may still be possible.