MAP Growth flashcards
MAP Growth · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Slope formula
- For two points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2), slope m equals (y2 − y1) divided by (x2 − x1), measuring vertical change per unit of horizontal change.
- y-intercept
- The value b in y = mx + b, where the line crosses the y-axis at x = 0; it is the starting value when x represents time or quantity.
- Pythagorean theorem
- In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides: a² + b² = c². It applies only to right triangles.
- Circle area and circumference
- Area equals π times the radius squared (A = πr²); circumference equals 2πr, or π times the diameter. Radius is half the diameter.
- Percent change
- Subtract the original value from the new value, divide by the original value, then multiply by 100. A positive result is an increase; a negative result is a decrease.
- Measures of center
- Mean is the sum divided by the count, median is the middle ordered value, and mode is the most frequent value. Outliers shift the mean more than the median.
- Simple probability
- The probability of an event equals the number of favorable outcomes divided by the total number of equally likely outcomes. Values range from 0 to 1.
- Order of operations
- Evaluate parentheses first, then exponents, then multiplication and division from left to right, then addition and subtraction from left to right.
- Main idea
- The central point a passage is mostly about, usually stated in a topic sentence or implied across paragraphs. Supporting details explain or prove it.
- Theme vs. main idea
- Main idea summarizes what a text says; theme is a broader message about life or human nature that the story conveys through events and characters.
- Inference
- A logical conclusion reached by combining details stated in the text with the reader's prior knowledge. The conclusion is implied rather than directly stated.
- Point of view
- First person uses I or we; third-person limited follows one character's thoughts; third-person omniscient reveals the thoughts of multiple characters.
- Text structure
- The organizational pattern of a passage, such as cause–effect, compare–contrast, chronological order, problem–solution, or description. Signal words reveal which pattern is used.
- Context clues
- Surrounding words and sentences that hint at an unfamiliar word's meaning, including definitions, examples, synonyms, antonyms, and the general sense of the passage.
- Author's purpose
- The reason an author writes a text: to inform, persuade, entertain, or explain. Word choice and which details are included reflect that purpose.
- Fact versus opinion
- A fact can be proven or verified with evidence. An opinion expresses a belief, feeling, or judgment and often contains evaluative words such as best or should.
- Comma splice
- Two independent clauses joined by only a comma. It can be fixed with a period, a semicolon, or a comma plus a coordinating conjunction.
- Sentence fragment
- A group of words punctuated as a sentence but missing a subject, a predicate, or a complete thought, so it cannot stand alone.
- Subject–verb agreement
- A singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb. Indefinite pronouns such as everyone and each are singular.
- Apostrophe uses
- Apostrophes show possession (the dog's bone, the dogs' bowls) or mark contractions (it's means it is). The possessive pronoun its takes no apostrophe.
- Pronoun case
- Use I, he, she, and who for subjects; use me, him, her, and whom for objects of verbs or prepositions. Choose by the pronoun's role in its clause.
- Active vs. passive voice
- Active voice has the subject perform the action (The chef cooked the meal). Passive voice has the subject receive it (The meal was cooked by the chef).
- Dangling modifier
- An introductory phrase that does not logically describe the subject of the main clause, as in Walking home, the rain started. Revise so the subject matches.
- Colon and semicolon
- A colon introduces a list or explanation after a complete clause. A semicolon joins two closely related independent clauses without a conjunction.
- Cell differences in plants
- Plant cells have a rigid cell wall and chloroplasts for photosynthesis; animal cells lack both but have a flexible membrane and other organelles such as centrioles.
- Photosynthesis
- The process in chloroplasts that uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. It stores energy that consumers later release.
- Energy in food chains
- Energy flows from producers to consumers, and only about 10 percent passes to each higher trophic level; the rest is lost mainly as heat.
- Newton's second law
- The net force on an object equals its mass times its acceleration (F = ma). A larger force or smaller mass produces greater acceleration.
- Speed and velocity
- Speed is distance divided by time. Velocity is speed in a stated direction, and acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes over time.
- Series vs. parallel circuits
- A series circuit has one path, so one broken bulb stops the current. A parallel circuit has multiple paths, so other branches keep working.
- Cause of seasons
- Seasons result from the tilt of Earth's axis as it orbits the Sun, which changes the angle and duration of sunlight, not from distance to the Sun.
- Inherited vs. acquired traits
- Inherited traits are coded in genes passed from parents. Acquired traits come from environment, learning, or experience and are not passed on genetically.