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MD Barber practice questions

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Question 1Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

Rod-shaped bacteria are classified as which of the following?

  1. Vibrios
  2. Cocci
  3. Spirilla
  4. Bacilli Correct answer.

Explanation

Bacteria are grouped by their shape under the microscope. Cocci are round, bacilli are rod-shaped, spirilla are spiral, and vibrios are comma-shaped. Shape is one of the first clues used when identifying an organism.

Question 2Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

A solution with a pH of 3 is best described as which of the following?

  1. Strongly alkaline
  2. Neutral
  3. Acidic Correct answer.
  4. Slightly alkaline

Explanation

The pH scale runs from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. Values below 7 are acidic and values above 7 are alkaline, so a pH of 3 falls on the acidic side. Each whole step represents a tenfold change in hydrogen ion concentration.

Question 3Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

Which method is the only reliable way to destroy bacterial spores on metal implements?

  1. Autoclave sterilization Correct answer.
  2. Boiling for 5 minutes
  3. Ultraviolet light exposure
  4. Immersion in 70% alcohol

Explanation

Bacterial spores are highly resistant and survive boiling, alcohol, and ultraviolet light. Only moist heat under pressure, delivered by an autoclave, reliably destroys them. For this reason steam sterilization is the standard for critical implements.

Question 4Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands are located in which layer of the skin?

  1. Subcutaneous layer
  2. Dermis Correct answer.
  3. Epidermis
  4. Stratum corneum

Explanation

The dermis is the thick middle layer of the skin and houses follicles, glands, and nerve endings. The epidermis above it is mostly keratinized cells with no follicles, and the subcutaneous layer below is mainly fat. This is why services that affect the follicle work beneath the surface layer.

Question 5Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

Which layer of the hair shaft is the central core found mainly in thick or coarse hair?

  1. Medulla Correct answer.
  2. Cortex
  3. Cuticle
  4. Inner root sheath

Explanation

The hair shaft has up to three layers: cuticle, cortex, and medulla. The medulla is the innermost core and may be absent in fine hair. The cortex carries the pigment and strength, while the cuticle is the protective outer covering.

Question 6Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

How does disinfection differ from sterilization?

  1. It sanitizes tools by rinsing them with water alone
  2. It removes only visible debris, soil, and oils
  3. It kills most pathogens but not spores Correct answer.
  4. It destroys all microbial life including spores and prions

Explanation

Disinfection reduces most pathogenic organisms on a surface, but many disinfectants do not destroy bacterial spores. Sterilization destroys all microbial life, including spores. Cleaning, which only removes visible soil, is a separate step that must come first.

Question 7Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

The pH of normal human skin and hair falls in which range?

  1. 7.0 to 7.5
  2. 1.0 to 2.0
  3. 4.5 to 5.5 Correct answer.
  4. 8.5 to 10.0

Explanation

Healthy skin and hair are slightly acidic, typically in the range of about 4.5 to 5.5. This acid mantle helps suppress microbial growth and keeps the cuticle layer smooth. Strongly alkaline products can raise the pH and leave hair rough and more fragile.

Question 8Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

Lathering and scrubbing the hands with soap and water should continue for at least how long?

  1. 15 seconds
  2. 20 seconds Correct answer.
  3. 10 seconds
  4. 5 seconds

Explanation

Handwashing guidance calls for at least 20 seconds of lathering and scrubbing, which is about the time needed to hum a short tune. Friction and time together lift and rinse away organisms. Shorter scrubs remove far less contamination.

Question 9Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

Which set of conditions most strongly promotes bacterial growth in a barbershop?

  1. Acidic pH and high oxygen only
  2. Refrigeration and low humidity
  3. Cold temperature, dryness, and direct sunlight
  4. Warm temperature, moisture, and nutrients Correct answer.

Explanation

Most bacteria multiply fastest in warm, moist, nutrient-rich settings, which is exactly what soiled towels, clipper blades, and standing water provide. Cold, dry, and sunlit conditions slow or prevent growth. Removing moisture and soil is therefore a key control measure.

Question 10Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

Which bloodborne virus is a major concern when a client is nicked with clippers and can be prevented by vaccination?

  1. Rhinovirus
  2. Hepatitis B virus Correct answer.
  3. Staphylococcus aureus
  4. Trichophyton rubrum

Explanation

Hepatitis B is transmitted through blood and can survive on dried surfaces, making contaminated blades a real risk. A safe and effective vaccine is available for workers who may be exposed. Rhinovirus causes colds, while the other listed organisms are not bloodborne viruses.

Question 11Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

Quaternary ammonium compounds are inactivated by which of the following?

  1. Distilled water only
  2. Dry, clean glass surfaces
  3. Organic soil Correct answer.
  4. Indoor fluorescent lighting

Explanation

Quaternary ammonium disinfectants are neutralized by blood, oil, hair, and other organic soil. Implements must be thoroughly cleaned and dried before immersion so the active ingredient can work. Water hardness can also reduce their effectiveness.

Question 12Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

Which muscle closes the jaw and sits at the angle of the lower jaw?

  1. Zygomaticus
  2. Buccinator
  3. Masseter Correct answer.
  4. Temporalis

Explanation

The masseter runs from the cheekbone to the angle of the mandible and elevates the jaw to close the mouth. The temporalis assists with the same action from the side of the skull. The buccinator and zygomaticus move the cheek and upper lip instead.

Question 13Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

Which of the following is a physical change rather than a chemical change?

  1. Rusting of steel shear blades
  2. Bleaching hair with peroxide solution
  3. Melting wax Correct answer.
  4. Burning of a wooden match

Explanation

A physical change alters the form or state of a substance without creating a new substance, as when solid wax becomes liquid. Chemical changes create new substances with different properties. Bleaching, rusting, and burning all produce new chemical products.

Question 14Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses because viruses do which of the following?

  1. Lack the cellular structures antibiotics target Correct answer.
  2. Have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall
  3. Reproduce independently outside host cells
  4. Are killed only by high pH

Explanation

Antibiotics act on structures and processes found in bacterial cells, such as cell wall synthesis or bacterial ribosomes. Viruses have none of these structures and must use a host cell to replicate. This is why viral infections require other approaches, such as vaccination or antiviral drugs.

Question 15Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

After an implement has been cleaned and disinfected, it should be which of the following?

  1. Placed in a drawer with used tools
  2. Wiped with a towel and left on the station
  3. Rinsed and set on a towel
  4. Stored in a clean, closed container Correct answer.

Explanation

Clean, disinfected implements must stay free of contamination until use, so they belong in a clean, closed container or cabinet. Leaving them open on a station allows dust, hair, and splashes to recontaminate them. Storing them with soiled tools defeats the entire process.

Question 16Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

In which phase of the hair growth cycle does the hair shaft separate from the follicle and shed?

  1. Telogen Correct answer.
  2. Catagen
  3. Anagen
  4. Keratinization

Explanation

The cycle moves from anagen growth, through the transitional catagen phase, into telogen, the resting phase in which the old hair is released and sheds. A new hair then begins to form and the cycle repeats. Keratinization is a maturing process, not a phase of the growth cycle.

Question 17Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

Which bone is located on the thumb side of the forearm?

  1. Carpals
  2. Humerus
  3. Ulna
  4. Radius Correct answer.

Explanation

The forearm contains two bones: the radius on the thumb side and the ulna on the little-finger side. The radius rotates over the ulna to allow the palm to turn. The humerus is in the upper arm and the carpals form the wrist.

Question 18Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

A Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for a chemical product provides which of the following?

  1. Staff scheduling and appointment records
  2. Advertising claims and marketing wording
  3. Product pricing and ordering information for salons
  4. Hazards, safe handling, and first-aid measures Correct answer.

Explanation

An SDS is the standardized document that accompanies a hazardous product and summarizes its hazards, safe handling, storage, and emergency first aid. It must be kept accessible to workers who use the product. It is not a sales or administrative document.

Question 19Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

Why are bacterial spores a concern for barbershop sanitation?

  1. They reproduce only in cold temperatures
  2. They are harmless normal flora of the skin
  3. They are easily killed by soap and water
  4. They resist heat and many chemical disinfectants Correct answer.

Explanation

Spores are a dormant, toughened form of certain bacteria that withstand boiling, drying, and many disinfectants. Because ordinary disinfection may not destroy them, items that contact broken skin require true sterilization. This is why spore-forming organisms set the standard for critical implement care.

Question 20Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

Soap scum forms when soap reacts with which of the following?

  1. Minerals in hard water Correct answer.
  2. Alcohol in aftershave
  3. Chlorine in tap water
  4. Oxygen in the air

Explanation

Hard water contains dissolved calcium and magnesium ions that combine with soap to form an insoluble film known as soap scum. This film can dull hair and leave residue on tools and basins. Softer water or specially formulated products reduce the problem.

Question 21Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

A disinfectant requires a 10-minute contact time. An implement is immersed for 2 minutes and then used on a client. What is the most likely result?

  1. The implement is sterile
  2. Some pathogens may survive Correct answer.
  3. The solution becomes sterile
  4. Contact time has no effect

Explanation

A disinfectant's labeled contact time is the minimum wet time needed for it to kill the organisms it claims to kill. Removing an implement early interrupts that action and leaves pathogens alive. Concentration, contact time, and prior cleaning all determine whether disinfection actually succeeds.

Question 22Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

Standard gravity-displacement autoclave sterilization is typically achieved at which settings?

  1. 100°C (212°F) at 0 psi for 5 minutes
  2. 63°C (145°F) at 5 psi for 60 minutes
  3. 121°C (250°F) at 15 psi for 15 to 30 minutes Correct answer.
  4. 160°C (320°F) at 30 psi for 1 minute

Explanation

A standard autoclave cycle uses steam at about 121°C (250°F) under roughly 15 psi for 15 to 30 minutes, depending on the load. Pressure allows the steam to reach a temperature above boiling so spores are destroyed. Lower temperatures or shorter times are not reliable for sterilization.

Question 23Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

An intermediate-level disinfectant is characterized by which of the following?

  1. It kills mycobacteria but not spores Correct answer.
  2. It kills only vegetative bacteria
  3. It removes soil without killing organisms
  4. It destroys all spores and prions

Explanation

Disinfectants are grouped by the range of organisms they destroy. Intermediate-level products kill mycobacteria, most fungi, and most viruses, but they do not reliably destroy bacterial spores. High-level disinfectants are needed for the broader spore claim, and low-level products act on a narrower range.

Question 24Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

How much concentrate is needed to make 1 quart (32 oz) of a 1:10 dilution?

  1. 1 oz of concentrate plus 31 oz of water
  2. 3.2 oz of concentrate plus 28.8 oz of water Correct answer.
  3. 10 oz of concentrate plus 22 oz of water
  4. 16 oz of concentrate plus 16 oz of water

Explanation

A 1:10 dilution means one part concentrate plus nine parts water, giving ten parts total. Dividing 32 oz by 10 gives 3.2 oz of concentrate, and the remaining 28.8 oz is water. Mixing 1 oz into 31 oz would create a much weaker 1:32 solution.

Question 25Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

Which pairing of a condition with the type of organism that causes it is correct?

  1. Tinea barbae caused by a bacterium
  2. Pediculosis caused by a virus
  3. Tinea barbae caused by a fungus Correct answer.
  4. Impetigo caused by a fungus

Explanation

Tinea barbae is a fungal infection of the beard area caused by dermatophytes, so it is spread by contaminated tools and linens and requires referral. Pediculosis is an infestation by lice, and impetigo is a bacterial skin infection. Matching a disease to its organism type guides which sanitation measures and referrals are appropriate.

Question 26Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

Bacteria that are spherical in shape are classified as which of the following?

  1. Cocci Correct answer.
  2. Spirilla
  3. Vibrios
  4. Bacilli

Explanation

Bacterial shape is one of the basic ways bacteria are classified and described. Round, spherical cells are called cocci, while other shapes get their own names. Recognizing shape helps a barber understand how microorganisms are described in sanitation training.

Question 27Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

Which subatomic particle carries a negative electrical charge?

  1. Proton
  2. Neutron
  3. Nucleus
  4. Electron Correct answer.

Explanation

An atom is built from protons, neutrons, and electrons. Electrons carry a negative charge, protons carry a positive charge, and neutrons carry no charge. These charges underlie the chemistry of solutions, pH, and disinfectants used in the shop.

Question 28Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

After a single-use razor blade has been used to finish a client's neckline, it should be which of the following?

  1. Cleaned with soap and water and reused on the next client
  2. Wiped with a towel and stored in a drawer
  3. Soaked in a disinfectant and reused later
  4. Placed in a sharps container and discarded Correct answer.

Explanation

Single-use blades cannot be reliably cleaned and are a puncture and bloodborne-pathogen hazard once contaminated. They are therefore discarded immediately into a rigid sharps container and never reused. Reuse or makeshift storage puts both the barber and the next client at risk.

Question 29Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

When a client straightens the elbow, the biceps brachii relaxes while which muscle contracts?

  1. The pectoralis major
  2. The brachialis
  3. The deltoid
  4. The triceps brachii Correct answer.

Explanation

Muscles work in opposing pairs around a joint. The triceps brachii is the antagonist of the biceps brachii: extending the elbow contracts the triceps while the biceps relaxes, and flexing the elbow reverses the roles.

Question 30Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

A solution with a pH of 3 is how many times more acidic than a solution with a pH of 5?

  1. 100 times Correct answer.
  2. 20 times
  3. 1,000 times
  4. 2 times

Explanation

The pH scale is logarithmic, so each whole unit represents a tenfold change in hydrogen ion concentration. Moving two whole units (from pH 5 to pH 3) means 10 multiplied by 10, or 100 times more acidity.

Question 31Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

A client has an itchy, scaly, ring-shaped patch on the scalp with patchy hair loss. Which type of organism most likely causes this condition?

  1. A protozoan
  2. A bacterium
  3. A fungus Correct answer.
  4. A virus

Explanation

Ringworm of the scalp, or tinea capitis, is a fungal infection, which is why antifungal products, not antibacterial ones, are used against it. It is contagious, so a barber should avoid servicing the area and refer the client for medical care.

Question 32Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

Which practice helps keep a jar of disinfectant solution effective between changes of the solution?

  1. Immersing implements only after they are cleaned and dried Correct answer.
  2. Adding soap to the solution so it penetrates soil better
  3. Topping off the jar with fresh solution when the level drops
  4. Storing the jar uncovered so fumes can escape

Explanation

Dirt, water, and soap residue dilute a disinfectant and can inactivate its active ingredients. Implements must be cleaned and dried before immersion, and the solution must be replaced on the manufacturer's schedule rather than merely topped off.

Question 33Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

Why is 70% isopropyl alcohol generally more effective as a disinfectant than 99% isopropyl alcohol?

  1. It is less likely to corrode metal implements during soaking
  2. It evaporates more quickly, leaving implements dry sooner
  3. Water slows evaporation and helps denature proteins Correct answer.
  4. It contains a higher percentage of alcohol, so it kills faster

Explanation

The water in 70% alcohol slows evaporation, keeping the solution in contact with the organism longer, and it helps denature and coagulate proteins. Near-pure alcohol evaporates too quickly and can harden the outer protein layer, shielding the cell instead of destroying it.

Question 34Scientific Concepts (Bacteriology, Anatomy, Chemistry, Sanitation)

Damage to which nerve can cause one eyelid to droop and one side of the mouth to sag?

  1. The accessory nerve
  2. The optic nerve
  3. The trigeminal nerve
  4. The facial nerve Correct answer.

Explanation

The facial nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression, so injury on one side produces weakness of the eyelid and mouth on that side. Recognizing such signs matters because a barber should refer a client with unexplained facial drooping for medical evaluation.

Question 35Hair and Scalp Care and Treatments

Which layer forms the tough, transparent outer covering of the hair shaft?

  1. Cuticle Correct answer.
  2. Medulla
  3. Papilla
  4. Cortex

Explanation

The cuticle is the outermost layer of the hair shaft, built from overlapping scale-like cells that shield the inner structures. Beneath it lies the cortex, and at the center sits the medulla.

Question 36Hair and Scalp Care and Treatments

Straight hair typically grows from a follicle whose cross-section is:

  1. Flattened into a ribbon
  2. Kidney-shaped
  3. Round Correct answer.
  4. Crescent-shaped

Explanation

A round follicle produces a round, straight hair shaft. The more oval or flattened the follicle, the more wave or curl the resulting hair shows.

Question 37Hair and Scalp Care and Treatments

Sebum is secreted by which structure?

  1. Sebaceous gland Correct answer.
  2. Eccrine sweat gland
  3. Arrector pili muscle
  4. Hair papilla

Explanation

Sebaceous glands are attached to hair follicles and secrete sebum, the oily substance that lubricates the hair and scalp. Eccrine glands produce watery sweat instead.

Question 38Hair and Scalp Care and Treatments

The active growth phase of the hair cycle is known as:

  1. Anagen Correct answer.
  2. Telogen
  3. Catagen
  4. Exogen

Explanation

Anagen is the growth phase, when cells in the follicle divide and a new hair is formed. It is the longest phase of the cycle, lasting years on the scalp.

Question 39Hair and Scalp Care and Treatments

Which phase of the hair cycle is the resting stage that ends with shedding?

  1. Telogen Correct answer.
  2. Mitogen
  3. Catagen
  4. Anagen

Explanation

During telogen the follicle rests and the old hair is retained until it sheds, after which a new anagen phase begins. Catagen is only the brief transition into this rest period.

Question 40Hair and Scalp Care and Treatments

Healthy scalp and hair have a pH that is:

  1. Strongly acidic
  2. Slightly acidic Correct answer.
  3. Strongly alkaline
  4. Exactly neutral

Explanation

Scalp and hair sit at roughly pH 4.5 to 5.5, which is mildly acidic. This keeps the cuticle compact and helps limit the overgrowth of microorganisms.

Question 41Hair and Scalp Care and Treatments

Common dandruff is most closely associated with overgrowth of:

  1. Candida yeast
  2. Streptococcus bacteria
  3. Malassezia yeast Correct answer.
  4. Staphylococcus bacteria

Explanation

Dandruff is linked to Malassezia, a yeast normally present on the scalp that multiplies and irritates the skin, causing flaking. It is not primarily a bacterial infection.

Question 42Hair and Scalp Care and Treatments

Vellus hair is best described as:

  1. Found only on the scalp
  2. Fine, short, and lightly pigmented Correct answer.
  3. Long, coarse, and deeply pigmented
  4. Absent until after puberty

Explanation

Vellus hair is the short, fine, faintly pigmented hair that covers much of the body. Terminal hair is the longer, coarser, darker type found on the scalp and, after puberty, in other areas.

Question 43Hair and Scalp Care and Treatments

Hair that feels rough, tangles easily, and both absorbs and loses moisture quickly is most likely:

  1. Normal porosity
  2. High porosity Correct answer.
  3. Low porosity
  4. Highly elastic

Explanation

High porosity means gaps in the cuticle let moisture in fast but also let it escape fast, so the hair feels rough and tangles readily. Low porosity hair has a tight cuticle that resists moisture uptake.

Question 44Hair and Scalp Care and Treatments

The main purpose of a hot oil treatment is to:

  1. Strip heavy product buildup from the scalp
  2. Lighten the hair's natural pigment
  3. Add moisture and suppleness to dry hair Correct answer.
  4. Straighten a resistant curl pattern

Explanation

A hot oil treatment is a conditioning service that restores moisture and suppleness to dry, brittle hair and a dry scalp. Heat helps the oil spread and penetrate the surface layers.

Question 45Hair and Scalp Care and Treatments

A client shows circular scaly patches with broken hairs and itching. The barber should:

  1. Proceed with a scalp massage
  2. Refer the client to a physician Correct answer.
  3. Apply a medicated shampoo and continue
  4. Trim the area and apply oil

Explanation

These signs point to tinea capitis, a contagious fungal infection of the scalp that cannot be treated in the barbershop. The client must be referred for medical treatment, and tools and linens disinfected.

Question 46Hair and Scalp Care and Treatments

Pediculosis capitis requires the barber to:

  1. Perform the service while wearing gloves
  2. Apply a hot towel compress first
  3. Decline the service and refer out Correct answer.
  4. Apply a sulfur pack before cutting

Explanation

Pediculosis capitis is a highly contagious infestation of head lice, so service must be declined and the client referred for treatment. Salon implements and linens should be disinfected after any suspected exposure.

Question 47Hair and Scalp Care and Treatments

Sudden, smooth, round bald patches with no scaling or broken hairs most suggest:

  1. Traction alopecia
  2. Alopecia areata Correct answer.
  3. Telogen effluvium
  4. Androgenetic alopecia

Explanation

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune condition that produces sharply defined, smooth, round patches of hair loss without inflammation or scaling. The barber should refer rather than treat.

Question 48Hair and Scalp Care and Treatments

A receding hairline and thinning crown in a man with a family history of hair loss most likely indicate:

  1. Tinea capitis
  2. Alopecia areata
  3. Pediculosis
  4. Androgenetic alopecia Correct answer.

Explanation

Androgenetic alopecia is hereditary, hormone-driven hair loss that follows a predictable pattern, such as a receding hairline and thinning crown. In women it usually appears as diffuse thinning over the top of the head.

Question 49Hair and Scalp Care and Treatments

Thick silvery scales on red plaques that extend past the hairline onto the forehead most suggest:

  1. Seborrheic dermatitis
  2. Psoriasis Correct answer.
  3. Dandruff
  4. Folliculitis

Explanation

Psoriasis forms red plaques with thick silvery scale that often crosses the hairline onto the forehead or neck. It is a medical condition, so the client should be referred.

Question 50Hair and Scalp Care and Treatments

The main action of a rinse-out conditioner on hair is to:

  1. Smooth the cuticle and reduce friction Correct answer.
  2. Increase the hair's natural porosity
  3. Open the cuticle for color penetration
  4. Cleanse the scalp of excess sebum

Explanation

Conditioners deposit a film that smooths the cuticle, lowering friction so hair combs easily and reflects more shine. They are not formulated to cleanse the scalp or to open the cuticle.