Air Law
Air Law is the regulatory layer that makes every other subject legal to use. The exam tests the ICAO framework (Chicago Convention and its Annexes), the EU regime that implements it (Basic Regulation (EU) 2018/1139, Part-FCL for licensing, Part-NCO for non-commercial operations, SERA for the rules of the air) and national oversight. Questions are usually scenario-based: which rule applies, which document must be carried, who has right of way, what minima apply.
Hierarchy of rules
ICAO Standards bind states that file no difference; EU regulations are directly applicable; the national AIP publishes local procedures. When a question quotes a figure, it normally comes from SERA or Part-FCL, not from the AIP.
VFR minima in class G
Above 900 ft AMSL (or 3,000 ft AMSL, whichever is higher): 5 km flight visibility and 1,500 m horizontally, 300 m vertically from cloud. At or below 900 ft AMSL in class G: 5 km flight visibility, clear of cloud and in sight of the surface.
Right of way
Converging aircraft of the same category: the one on the right has right of way. Power-driven aircraft give way to gliders, balloons and airships; landing aircraft have priority; overtaking is always the overtaker's responsibility, passing to the right.
Worked example
Cruising at 2,500 ft AMSL in class G with cloud base 3,000 ft and visibility 6 km. Legal? Visibility is fine. Vertical separation is 500 ft, about 152 m, which is less than the 300 m (roughly 1,000 ft) required above 900 ft. You must descend to 2,000 ft or below to keep 300 m from cloud.
Traps
Assuming clear of cloud applies everywhere in class G; confusing QFE with QNH; forgetting the 3,000 ft AMSL alternative; mixing magnetic and true when quoting minima.