UEE Social Studies cheat sheet

Agricultural Revolution: domestication of plants and animals began around 10,000 BCE; food surpluses supported permanent settlements, occupational specialization, and social hierarchy.

Industrial Revolution: began in Britain in the mid-1700s; coal, steam power, iron, and the factory system transformed production, transport, and urbanization.

French Revolution: began in 1789 amid fiscal crisis and Enlightenment criticism of absolute monarchy; it abolished feudal privileges and issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man.

Russian Revolution: the February 1917 uprising ended the tsarist monarchy; the October 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power under Lenin led to the USSR in 1922.

World War I: fought 1914-1918; the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand triggered alliance mobilization; the Treaty of Versailles imposed reparations and territorial losses on Germany in 1919.

World War II: fought 1939-1945 between the Axis and Allied powers; it included the Holocaust, total war production, and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Cold War: 1947-1991 ideological and strategic rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union; containment, NATO, the Warsaw Pact, proxy wars, and nuclear deterrence defined the period.

Decolonization: after 1945, Asian and African colonies gained independence from European empires, creating new states whose borders and Cold War alignments often reflected colonial legacies.

Source evaluation rule: classify a source as primary if produced by a participant or witness at the time; assess provenance, purpose, audience, bias, and corroboration before drawing conclusions.

Map scale = map distance / ground distance; a representative fraction such as 1:50,000 means one unit on the map equals 50,000 of the same units on the ground.

Population density = total population / land area; physiological density instead divides population by arable land, highlighting pressure on productive land.

Demographic transition model: Stage 1 has high birth and death rates; Stage 2 has falling death rates and rapid growth; Stage 3 has falling birth rates; Stage 4 has low rates and stable population.

Plate boundaries: divergent boundaries create rifts and seafloor spreading; convergent boundaries create subduction, mountains, and volcanoes; transform boundaries create lateral faulting and earthquakes.

Climate controls: latitude, altitude, ocean currents, continentality, prevailing winds, and relief jointly explain temperature and precipitation patterns.

Urban land use commonly shows a central business district, residential zones, industrial areas, and transport corridors; land value and accessibility influence location.

GIS stores geographic data as layers; remote sensing collects imagery from satellites or aircraft; GPS provides precise location coordinates.

Sustainable development meets present needs without compromising future generations; carrying capacity and ecological footprint compare resource use with environmental limits.

Migration is shaped by push factors such as conflict or unemployment and pull factors such as jobs or safety; distance, borders, cost, and legal status act as intervening obstacles.

Opportunity cost = value of the next best alternative forgone; it exists because resources are scarce and every choice involves a trade-off.

Law of demand: other things equal, quantity demanded rises when price falls and falls when price rises; demand shifts with income, tastes, substitute and complement prices, expectations, and buyer numbers.

Supply shifts with input costs, technology, taxes and subsidies, expectations, and the number of sellers; a supply curve shows quantity supplied at each price.

Equilibrium occurs where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied; a price above equilibrium creates a surplus, while a price below equilibrium creates a shortage.

Price elasticity of demand = percentage change in quantity demanded / percentage change in price; demand is elastic if the absolute value exceeds 1 and inelastic if it is below 1.

GDP = consumption + investment + government spending + exports minus imports; real GDP adjusts for inflation, and GDP per capita divides output by population.

Inflation is a sustained rise in the general price level, measured by the percentage change in a consumer price index; real interest rate is approximately nominal interest rate minus inflation.

Unemployment rate = unemployed workers / labor force x 100; types include frictional, structural, and cyclical unemployment.

Comparative advantage means producing a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer; specialization and trade can raise total output even when one producer is absolutely more efficient in everything.

Separation of powers divides authority among legislative, executive, and judicial branches; checks and balances let each branch limit the others.

Rule of law requires that laws be publicly known, applied equally, and binding on government itself; constitutional supremacy means ordinary laws cannot violate the constitution.

Federalism divides power between national and regional governments; unitary systems concentrate authority centrally but may devolve specific powers.

Civil and political rights protect participation and freedom, such as speech and voting; economic and social rights concern welfare, such as education and health.

Electoral systems: first-past-the-post elects the candidate with the most votes in a district; proportional representation allocates seats by party vote share; mixed systems combine both.

Civil society includes voluntary associations, media, unions, and social movements that organize citizens, circulate information, and hold public officials accountable.

Public policy cycle: agenda setting, formulation, adoption, implementation, and evaluation; feedback can reopen any stage.

International organizations: the UN addresses peace and development, the WTO governs trade rules, the IMF monitors monetary stability, and the World Bank finances development.

A constitution defines state institutions, allocates powers, and often lists rights; constitutional amendments usually require special procedures beyond ordinary legislation.

Culture includes shared beliefs, values, norms, symbols, language, and material objects; norms may be folkways, mores, or laws.

Socialization is lifelong; primary socialization occurs in early childhood through family, while secondary socialization occurs through school, peers, media, and workplaces.

Social institutions are patterned arrangements such as family, education, religion, economy, and government that meet recurring social needs.

Social stratification ranks people by unequal access to resources, prestige, and power; class, caste, estate, race, and gender are common bases of stratification.

Functionalism emphasizes social integration and stability; conflict theory emphasizes inequality and power struggles; symbolic interactionism emphasizes meanings created through everyday interaction.

Ethnocentrism judges other cultures by one's own standards; cultural relativism interprets practices within their own cultural context.

Kinship is organized through descent, marriage, and adoption; descent rules may be patrilineal, matrilineal, or bilateral, and residence rules shape household formation.

Deviance is behavior that violates social norms; labeling theory emphasizes how audiences define acts as deviant, while strain theory links deviance to blocked goals.

Demography studies fertility, mortality, and migration; quantitative methods emphasize measurement and comparison, while qualitative methods emphasize meaning and context.

Agricultural Revolution: domestication of plants and animals began around 10,000 BCE; food surpluses supported permanent settlements, occupational specialization, and social hierarchy.

Industrial Revolution: began in Britain in the mid-1700s; coal, steam power, iron, and the factory system transformed production, transport, and urbanization.

French Revolution: began in 1789 amid fiscal crisis and Enlightenment criticism of absolute monarchy; it abolished feudal privileges and issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man.

Russian Revolution: the February 1917 uprising ended the tsarist monarchy; the October 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power under Lenin led to the USSR in 1922.

World War I: fought 1914-1918; the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand triggered alliance mobilization; the Treaty of Versailles imposed reparations and territorial losses on Germany in 1919.

World War II: fought 1939-1945 between the Axis and Allied powers; it included the Holocaust, total war production, and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Cold War: 1947-1991 ideological and strategic rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union; containment, NATO, the Warsaw Pact, proxy wars, and nuclear deterrence defined the period.

Decolonization: after 1945, Asian and African colonies gained independence from European empires, creating new states whose borders and Cold War alignments often reflected colonial legacies.

Source evaluation rule: classify a source as primary if produced by a participant or witness at the time; assess provenance, purpose, audience, bias, and corroboration before drawing conclusions.

Map scale = map distance / ground distance; a representative fraction such as 1:50,000 means one unit on the map equals 50,000 of the same units on the ground.

Population density = total population / land area; physiological density instead divides population by arable land, highlighting pressure on productive land.

Demographic transition model: Stage 1 has high birth and death rates; Stage 2 has falling death rates and rapid growth; Stage 3 has falling birth rates; Stage 4 has low rates and stable population.

Plate boundaries: divergent boundaries create rifts and seafloor spreading; convergent boundaries create subduction, mountains, and volcanoes; transform boundaries create lateral faulting and earthquakes.

Climate controls: latitude, altitude, ocean currents, continentality, prevailing winds, and relief jointly explain temperature and precipitation patterns.

Urban land use commonly shows a central business district, residential zones, industrial areas, and transport corridors; land value and accessibility influence location.

GIS stores geographic data as layers; remote sensing collects imagery from satellites or aircraft; GPS provides precise location coordinates.

Sustainable development meets present needs without compromising future generations; carrying capacity and ecological footprint compare resource use with environmental limits.

Migration is shaped by push factors such as conflict or unemployment and pull factors such as jobs or safety; distance, borders, cost, and legal status act as intervening obstacles.

Opportunity cost = value of the next best alternative forgone; it exists because resources are scarce and every choice involves a trade-off.

Law of demand: other things equal, quantity demanded rises when price falls and falls when price rises; demand shifts with income, tastes, substitute and complement prices, expectations, and buyer numbers.

Supply shifts with input costs, technology, taxes and subsidies, expectations, and the number of sellers; a supply curve shows quantity supplied at each price.

Equilibrium occurs where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied; a price above equilibrium creates a surplus, while a price below equilibrium creates a shortage.

Price elasticity of demand = percentage change in quantity demanded / percentage change in price; demand is elastic if the absolute value exceeds 1 and inelastic if it is below 1.

GDP = consumption + investment + government spending + exports minus imports; real GDP adjusts for inflation, and GDP per capita divides output by population.

Inflation is a sustained rise in the general price level, measured by the percentage change in a consumer price index; real interest rate is approximately nominal interest rate minus inflation.

Unemployment rate = unemployed workers / labor force x 100; types include frictional, structural, and cyclical unemployment.

Comparative advantage means producing a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer; specialization and trade can raise total output even when one producer is absolutely more efficient in everything.

Separation of powers divides authority among legislative, executive, and judicial branches; checks and balances let each branch limit the others.

Rule of law requires that laws be publicly known, applied equally, and binding on government itself; constitutional supremacy means ordinary laws cannot violate the constitution.

Federalism divides power between national and regional governments; unitary systems concentrate authority centrally but may devolve specific powers.

Civil and political rights protect participation and freedom, such as speech and voting; economic and social rights concern welfare, such as education and health.

Electoral systems: first-past-the-post elects the candidate with the most votes in a district; proportional representation allocates seats by party vote share; mixed systems combine both.

Civil society includes voluntary associations, media, unions, and social movements that organize citizens, circulate information, and hold public officials accountable.

Public policy cycle: agenda setting, formulation, adoption, implementation, and evaluation; feedback can reopen any stage.

International organizations: the UN addresses peace and development, the WTO governs trade rules, the IMF monitors monetary stability, and the World Bank finances development.

A constitution defines state institutions, allocates powers, and often lists rights; constitutional amendments usually require special procedures beyond ordinary legislation.

Culture includes shared beliefs, values, norms, symbols, language, and material objects; norms may be folkways, mores, or laws.

Socialization is lifelong; primary socialization occurs in early childhood through family, while secondary socialization occurs through school, peers, media, and workplaces.

Social institutions are patterned arrangements such as family, education, religion, economy, and government that meet recurring social needs.

Social stratification ranks people by unequal access to resources, prestige, and power; class, caste, estate, race, and gender are common bases of stratification.

Functionalism emphasizes social integration and stability; conflict theory emphasizes inequality and power struggles; symbolic interactionism emphasizes meanings created through everyday interaction.

Ethnocentrism judges other cultures by one's own standards; cultural relativism interprets practices within their own cultural context.

Kinship is organized through descent, marriage, and adoption; descent rules may be patrilineal, matrilineal, or bilateral, and residence rules shape household formation.

Deviance is behavior that violates social norms; labeling theory emphasizes how audiences define acts as deviant, while strain theory links deviance to blocked goals.

Demography studies fertility, mortality, and migration; quantitative methods emphasize measurement and comparison, while qualitative methods emphasize meaning and context.

Agricultural Revolution: domestication of plants and animals began around 10,000 BCE; food surpluses supported permanent settlements, occupational specialization, and social hierarchy.

Industrial Revolution: began in Britain in the mid-1700s; coal, steam power, iron, and the factory system transformed production, transport, and urbanization.

French Revolution: began in 1789 amid fiscal crisis and Enlightenment criticism of absolute monarchy; it abolished feudal privileges and issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man.

Russian Revolution: the February 1917 uprising ended the tsarist monarchy; the October 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power under Lenin led to the USSR in 1922.

World War I: fought 1914-1918; the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand triggered alliance mobilization; the Treaty of Versailles imposed reparations and territorial losses on Germany in 1919.

World War II: fought 1939-1945 between the Axis and Allied powers; it included the Holocaust, total war production, and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Cold War: 1947-1991 ideological and strategic rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union; containment, NATO, the Warsaw Pact, proxy wars, and nuclear deterrence defined the period.

Decolonization: after 1945, Asian and African colonies gained independence from European empires, creating new states whose borders and Cold War alignments often reflected colonial legacies.

Source evaluation rule: classify a source as primary if produced by a participant or witness at the time; assess provenance, purpose, audience, bias, and corroboration before drawing conclusions.

Map scale = map distance / ground distance; a representative fraction such as 1:50,000 means one unit on the map equals 50,000 of the same units on the ground.

Population density = total population / land area; physiological density instead divides population by arable land, highlighting pressure on productive land.

Demographic transition model: Stage 1 has high birth and death rates; Stage 2 has falling death rates and rapid growth; Stage 3 has falling birth rates; Stage 4 has low rates and stable population.

Plate boundaries: divergent boundaries create rifts and seafloor spreading; convergent boundaries create subduction, mountains, and volcanoes; transform boundaries create lateral faulting and earthquakes.

Climate controls: latitude, altitude, ocean currents, continentality, prevailing winds, and relief jointly explain temperature and precipitation patterns.

Urban land use commonly shows a central business district, residential zones, industrial areas, and transport corridors; land value and accessibility influence location.

GIS stores geographic data as layers; remote sensing collects imagery from satellites or aircraft; GPS provides precise location coordinates.

Sustainable development meets present needs without compromising future generations; carrying capacity and ecological footprint compare resource use with environmental limits.

Migration is shaped by push factors such as conflict or unemployment and pull factors such as jobs or safety; distance, borders, cost, and legal status act as intervening obstacles.

Opportunity cost = value of the next best alternative forgone; it exists because resources are scarce and every choice involves a trade-off.

Law of demand: other things equal, quantity demanded rises when price falls and falls when price rises; demand shifts with income, tastes, substitute and complement prices, expectations, and buyer numbers.

Supply shifts with input costs, technology, taxes and subsidies, expectations, and the number of sellers; a supply curve shows quantity supplied at each price.

Equilibrium occurs where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied; a price above equilibrium creates a surplus, while a price below equilibrium creates a shortage.

Price elasticity of demand = percentage change in quantity demanded / percentage change in price; demand is elastic if the absolute value exceeds 1 and inelastic if it is below 1.

GDP = consumption + investment + government spending + exports minus imports; real GDP adjusts for inflation, and GDP per capita divides output by population.

Inflation is a sustained rise in the general price level, measured by the percentage change in a consumer price index; real interest rate is approximately nominal interest rate minus inflation.

Unemployment rate = unemployed workers / labor force x 100; types include frictional, structural, and cyclical unemployment.

Comparative advantage means producing a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer; specialization and trade can raise total output even when one producer is absolutely more efficient in everything.

Separation of powers divides authority among legislative, executive, and judicial branches; checks and balances let each branch limit the others.

Rule of law requires that laws be publicly known, applied equally, and binding on government itself; constitutional supremacy means ordinary laws cannot violate the constitution.

Federalism divides power between national and regional governments; unitary systems concentrate authority centrally but may devolve specific powers.

Civil and political rights protect participation and freedom, such as speech and voting; economic and social rights concern welfare, such as education and health.

Electoral systems: first-past-the-post elects the candidate with the most votes in a district; proportional representation allocates seats by party vote share; mixed systems combine both.

Civil society includes voluntary associations, media, unions, and social movements that organize citizens, circulate information, and hold public officials accountable.

Public policy cycle: agenda setting, formulation, adoption, implementation, and evaluation; feedback can reopen any stage.

International organizations: the UN addresses peace and development, the WTO governs trade rules, the IMF monitors monetary stability, and the World Bank finances development.

A constitution defines state institutions, allocates powers, and often lists rights; constitutional amendments usually require special procedures beyond ordinary legislation.

Culture includes shared beliefs, values, norms, symbols, language, and material objects; norms may be folkways, mores, or laws.

Socialization is lifelong; primary socialization occurs in early childhood through family, while secondary socialization occurs through school, peers, media, and workplaces.

Social institutions are patterned arrangements such as family, education, religion, economy, and government that meet recurring social needs.

Social stratification ranks people by unequal access to resources, prestige, and power; class, caste, estate, race, and gender are common bases of stratification.

Functionalism emphasizes social integration and stability; conflict theory emphasizes inequality and power struggles; symbolic interactionism emphasizes meanings created through everyday interaction.

Ethnocentrism judges other cultures by one's own standards; cultural relativism interprets practices within their own cultural context.

Kinship is organized through descent, marriage, and adoption; descent rules may be patrilineal, matrilineal, or bilateral, and residence rules shape household formation.

Deviance is behavior that violates social norms; labeling theory emphasizes how audiences define acts as deviant, while strain theory links deviance to blocked goals.

Demography studies fertility, mortality, and migration; quantitative methods emphasize measurement and comparison, while qualitative methods emphasize meaning and context.