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MATSEC SEC European Studies study materials
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MATSEC SEC European Studies practice questions

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Question 1European identity and culture

Which phrase is the official motto of the European Union, expressing that Europeans cooperate for peace and prosperity while keeping their different cultures and languages?

  1. One Continent, One Voice
  2. Unity through Prosperity
  3. Ever Closer Union
  4. United in Diversity Correct answer.

Explanation

The motto 'United in Diversity' was adopted by the EU in 2000 and appears on official publications alongside the flag and the anthem. It signals that European integration is built on cooperation between peoples who keep their distinct languages and cultures.

Question 2European identity and culture

Europe Day, on which the EU marks the anniversary of the 1950 declaration proposing a European Coal and Steel Community, falls on which date?

  1. 26 September
  2. 1 January
  3. 9 May Correct answer.
  4. 25 March

Explanation

Europe Day is marked on 9 May, the date in 1950 when French foreign minister Robert Schuman presented his plan for pooling coal and steel production. The EU treats that declaration as the starting point of European integration.

Question 3European identity and culture

Which description matches the European flag used by both the European Union and the Council of Europe?

  1. Twenty-seven gold stars on a blue field, one for each member state
  2. Twelve gold stars arranged in a circle on a blue field Correct answer.
  3. Twelve silver stars on a blue field
  4. Twelve gold stars on a red field

Explanation

The European flag shows twelve gold stars in a circle on a blue background. The number twelve is fixed and stands for completeness and unity rather than the number of member states, so the design has remained unchanged through successive enlargements.

Question 4European identity and culture

Which EU initiative, running since 1985, designates cities for a year so that they can showcase their cultural life and boost regeneration and tourism?

  1. European Year of Cultural Heritage
  2. Creative Europe
  3. European Capital of Culture Correct answer.
  4. European Heritage Days

Explanation

The European Capital of Culture title has been awarded since 1985, when Athens held the first year. A designated city uses the year to present a cultural programme and to attract visitors and investment, and the title rotates among member states and other participating countries.

Question 5European identity and culture

The European Day of Languages, promoted jointly by the Council of Europe and the European Commission to celebrate linguistic diversity, is observed on which date?

  1. 21 February
  2. 9 May
  3. 1 December
  4. 26 September Correct answer.

Explanation

The European Day of Languages falls on 26 September and is organised by the Council of Europe together with the European Commission. It promotes plurilingualism and lifelong language learning across the continent.

Question 6European identity and culture

After Croatia's accession in 2013, how many official and working languages does the European Union have?

  1. 23
  2. 27
  3. 28
  4. 24 Correct answer.

Explanation

With Croatian added on accession in 2013, the EU has 24 official and working languages, Irish having already become official in 2007. Each enlargement that brings a new national language normally adds it to the list.

Question 7European identity and culture

The European anthem, adopted by EU leaders in 1985, is an instrumental setting taken from which work?

  1. The 'Eroica' funeral march from Beethoven's Third Symphony
  2. The 'Ode to Joy' from Beethoven's Ninth Symphony Correct answer.
  3. The 'Hymn to Joy' by Mozart
  4. The 'Blue Danube' waltz by Johann Strauss II

Explanation

The EU adopted an instrumental setting of the 'Ode to Joy' from Beethoven's Ninth Symphony as its anthem in 1985. Using the music without Schiller's words keeps the anthem language-neutral for all member states.

Question 8European identity and culture

Under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, what is the EU's role in the field of culture?

  1. The EU has exclusive competence over museums, monuments and heritage sites
  2. The EU may adopt binding rules harmonising the cultural policies of member states
  3. The EU negotiates cultural policy on behalf of member states in international bodies
  4. The EU supports and complements member states' action while respecting their diversity Correct answer.

Explanation

Article 167 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union gives the EU a supporting role in culture: it encourages cooperation and supplements national action while respecting national and regional diversity. The treaty explicitly excludes harmonisation of member states' cultural laws.

Question 9European identity and culture

Which initiative awards a label to sites chosen for their symbolic value in European history and integration, rather than for beauty or conservation alone?

  1. UNESCO Creative Cities Network
  2. Europa Nostra Award
  3. European Capital of Culture
  4. European Heritage Label Correct answer.

Explanation

The European Heritage Label is given to sites selected for their symbolic value in European history and integration, and it stresses the European narrative rather than beauty or conservation. It began as an intergovernmental scheme in 2006 and became an EU action in 2011.

Question 10European identity and culture

Which EU funding programme for 2021–2027, with a budget of roughly €2.44 billion, combines support for the cultural and creative sectors with a MEDIA strand for film and audiovisual work?

  1. Erasmus+
  2. Horizon Europe
  3. Creative Europe Correct answer.
  4. Connecting Europe Facility

Explanation

Creative Europe is the EU programme for the cultural, creative and audiovisual sectors, and for 2021–2027 it has a budget of roughly €2.44 billion. It combines a Culture strand with the MEDIA strand that supports film and audiovisual production, distribution and audiences.

Question 11European identity and culture

The EU's Erasmus+ programme for 2021–2027 supports learning mobility and cooperation. Which description of its scope is accurate?

  1. It funds only teacher exchanges in secondary schools.
  2. It covers education, training, youth and sport. Correct answer.
  3. It supports professional sport clubs and stadium construction.
  4. It is limited to students enrolled at universities.

Explanation

Erasmus+ is the EU's integrated programme for education, training, youth and sport for 2021–2027. It brings together earlier schemes such as Erasmus, Comenius, Leonardo da Vinci and Grundtvig, and it is open to learners and staff across sectors, not only universities. Sport is included through actions such as grassroots sport projects, not through financing professional clubs.

Question 12European identity and culture

Europeana, launched in 2008, is an EU-backed initiative in the cultural heritage field. What does it provide?

  1. Online access to digitised cultural heritage from European institutions. Correct answer.
  2. An EU agency that regulates the art market.
  3. A network of national museums that organises travelling exhibitions.
  4. A grant scheme for restoring historic buildings.

Explanation

Europeana is a digital platform that aggregates metadata and digitised items from museums, libraries, archives and galleries across Europe. It does not itself restore buildings, run museums or regulate markets; it makes collections discoverable online.

Question 13European identity and culture

European Heritage Days take place each September, giving the public access to sites and events. Which two bodies jointly organise the initiative?

  1. The Council of Europe and the European Commission Correct answer.
  2. UNESCO and the European Parliament
  3. The European Commission and Europa Nostra
  4. The Council of the European Union and the Committee of the Regions

Explanation

European Heritage Days are a joint action of the Council of Europe and the European Commission. The Council of Europe launched the idea in 1985 and the European Commission joined in 1999, creating a pan-European event held in September.

Question 14European identity and culture

Article 2 TEU sets out the values on which the European Union is founded. Which item is expressly included in that article?

  1. The promotion of a single European language for official use
  2. The pursuit of ever closer economic convergence between member states
  3. The preservation of national sovereignty as the Union's founding principle
  4. Respect for human rights, including minority rights Correct answer.

Explanation

Article 2 TEU lists human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities. These values are common to the member states in a society of pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men.

Question 15European identity and culture

The Council of Europe's European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (1992) addresses which policy area?

  1. Funding translation of EU legislation into every regional dialect.
  2. Creating a single European language academy to standardise spelling.
  3. Protecting and promoting historical regional and minority languages. Correct answer.
  4. Establishing English as a compulsory second language in all schools.

Explanation

The charter is a Council of Europe treaty that protects and promotes regional or minority languages traditionally used in a state. It does not create a common language policy, require English, or fund translation of EU law; it sets commitments on education, justice, media and public life.

Question 16European identity and culture

The Bologna Process, launched in 1999, created the European Higher Education Area. Which reform is most closely associated with it?

  1. A single EU-wide tuition fee for university students.
  2. A three-cycle degree structure of bachelor, master and doctorate. Correct answer.
  3. A central European budget for university building projects.
  4. Automatic recognition of all professional licences across the EU.

Explanation

The Bologna Process introduced a comparable degree structure based on three cycles, together with credit systems and quality assurance. It is an intergovernmental process among European countries, not an EU law imposing fees, recognising all professional licences or funding buildings.

Question 17European identity and culture

The New European Bauhaus is an initiative linking the European Green Deal with culture and design. Which description best fits its aims?

  1. Standardising architectural styles across all member states.
  2. Funding only the restoration of historic monuments.
  3. Combining sustainability, beauty and inclusion in design. Correct answer.
  4. Building a single European museum of design in Brussels.

Explanation

The New European Bauhaus is a European Commission initiative that connects the Green Deal to culture, design and participation. Its guiding values include sustainability, aesthetics and inclusion, and it supports projects and networks rather than a single museum or a common architectural style.

Question 18European identity and culture

The European Union Prize for Literature (EUPL) is awarded each year. What does it recognise?

  1. Poetry collections published only in the EU's official languages
  2. The best translation of an EU treaty into a minority language
  3. Emerging fiction writers from countries taking part in Creative Europe Correct answer.
  4. Lifetime achievement by established European novelists

Explanation

The EUPL is funded by the Creative Europe programme and highlights emerging fiction writers from participating countries. It aims to promote the circulation of literature and translation, not to reward lifetime achievement or treaty translation.

Question 19European identity and culture

The Council of Europe's Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (1995) is significant because it...

  1. establishes a single official language for all member states.
  2. applies only to minorities recognised in EU accession treaties.
  3. creates an EU agency with the power to overturn national laws on minorities.
  4. is the first legally binding multilateral treaty on minority protection. Correct answer.

Explanation

The Framework Convention is the first legally binding multilateral treaty devoted to the protection of national minorities. It was adopted by the Council of Europe, not the EU, and it is monitored by the Committee of Ministers with the advice of an Advisory Committee; it does not create an EU agency or a common official language.

Question 20European identity and culture

The 2005 UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, ratified by the EU in 2006, supports which principle?

  1. States may adopt measures to protect and promote diverse cultural expressions. Correct answer.
  2. Cultural goods must be treated exactly like ordinary consumer products in trade agreements.
  3. Only UNESCO may fund the production of films and books in Europe.
  4. Cultural policies must be harmonised across all ratifying states.

Explanation

The convention recognises the dual nature of cultural goods and services as both economic and cultural, and it affirms the right of states to take measures to protect and promote the diversity of cultural expressions. It does not require trade liberalisation, give UNESCO a funding monopoly, or harmonise national cultural policies.

Question 21European identity and culture

The Council of Europe's European Cultural Convention, opened for signature in 1954, was created mainly to do what?

  1. establish a common European curriculum for secondary schools
  2. fund the restoration of cathedrals damaged in the Second World War
  3. promote cultural cooperation and mutual understanding Correct answer.
  4. create a single European university awarding joint degrees

Explanation

The European Cultural Convention is a Council of Europe treaty that commits its parties to promote cultural cooperation, mutual understanding and the study of European languages, history and civilisation. It provides a framework for cooperation rather than a common school curriculum or a single European university.

Question 22European identity and culture

The European Year of Cultural Heritage, which highlighted heritage as a shared resource and encouraged public participation, was observed in which year?

  1. 2022
  2. 2018 Correct answer.
  3. 2008
  4. 2014

Explanation

The European Year of Cultural Heritage took place in 2018 under the slogan 'Our heritage: where the past meets the future'. It promoted awareness of cultural heritage and encouraged people, especially young people, to engage with it.

Question 23European identity and culture

What is the main role of the European Union Youth Orchestra (EUYO)?

  1. It brings together young European musicians in one orchestra. Correct answer.
  2. It funds the construction of concert halls in candidate countries.
  3. It sets the official salary scales for professional orchestral players in the EU.
  4. It trains national military bands in EU member states.

Explanation

The EUYO is a European orchestra that recruits young musicians from across the participating countries and performs internationally as a single ensemble. It is a cultural ambassador for European cooperation rather than a regulator of pay or a construction fund.

Question 24European identity and culture

The Council of Europe's Eurimages Fund is best described as which kind of initiative?

  1. a fund for European film co-production and distribution Correct answer.
  2. a prize awarded each year to a single European filmmaker
  3. a scheme providing grants for the translation of European novels
  4. a fund that buys historic cinemas and reopens them as public museums

Explanation

Eurimages is the Council of Europe's fund that supports the co-production, distribution and exhibition of European cinematographic works, including feature films, animation and documentaries. It is a funding mechanism, not a literary translation scheme or an annual single-winner prize.

Question 25European identity and culture

DiscoverEU, an initiative that offers travel passes to young Europeans, is part of which broader EU programme?

  1. European Solidarity Corps
  2. Horizon Europe
  3. Erasmus+ Correct answer.
  4. Creative Europe

Explanation

DiscoverEU was launched in 2018 and was integrated into the Erasmus+ programme for 2021–2027. It gives young people, usually those turning 18, the chance to travel around Europe by rail and learn about other countries.

Question 26European identity and culture

The European Heritage Awards / Europa Nostra Awards are intended to do what?

  1. recognise excellence in heritage conservation, research and education Correct answer.
  2. designate a single European capital of heritage each year
  3. provide emergency funding only for heritage damaged by armed conflict
  4. rank European museums by annual visitor numbers

Explanation

The awards, run by Europa Nostra with support from the EU, recognise outstanding achievements in cultural heritage conservation, research, education, training and dedicated service. They are not a ranking of museums and do not create an annual heritage capital.

Question 27European identity and culture

The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union contains an article requiring the Union to respect cultural, religious and linguistic diversity. Which article is it?

  1. Article 21
  2. Article 10
  3. Article 19
  4. Article 22 Correct answer.

Explanation

Article 22 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights states that the Union respects cultural, religious and linguistic diversity. Article 21 deals with non-discrimination, while Article 10 protects freedom of thought, conscience and religion.

Question 28European identity and culture

The European Universities Initiative, launched in 2017, encourages higher education institutions to do what?

  1. merge into a single EU-wide university awarding one diploma
  2. replace the Bologna Process with a new credit system
  3. restrict student exchanges to Erasmus+ partner countries only
  4. form transnational alliances for joint teaching and research Correct answer.

Explanation

The initiative supports bottom-up alliances of universities across Europe that cooperate on joint teaching, research and mobility. It complements the Bologna Process and Erasmus+ and does not require institutions to merge into one legal entity.

Question 29European identity and culture

The Council of Europe's European Landscape Convention (2000) is notable because it was the first international treaty to do what?

  1. create a European agency with powers to designate protected landscapes
  2. cover all landscapes, ordinary and outstanding, as a public concern Correct answer.
  3. ban new construction in coastal and mountain areas
  4. protect only landscapes listed as UNESCO World Heritage sites

Explanation

The convention applies to natural, rural, urban and peri-urban landscapes, including everyday and degraded areas as well as outstanding ones. It requires parties to identify, assess, protect, manage and plan landscapes, but it does not create a designation agency or a general construction ban.

Question 30European identity and culture

What does the European Parliament's LUX Audience Award primarily promote?

  1. the publication of literary translations into lesser-used European languages
  2. the circulation of European films and debate on European issues Correct answer.
  3. the preservation of analogue film archives in EU member states
  4. the production of television news programmes about the EU institutions

Explanation

The LUX Award was created by the European Parliament to support European cinema and its circulation across borders; the current LUX Audience Award involves both MEPs and the public in voting. It aims to stimulate discussion about European public issues through film.

Question 31European identity and culture

The European flag displays twelve gold stars in a circle on a blue background. What do the twelve stars represent?

  1. They stand for the twelve founding regions of the European Coal and Steel Community.
  2. They stand for the twelve policy fields listed in the Single European Act.
  3. They stand for the six founding states and six later accession countries.
  4. They stand for unity, solidarity and harmony among the peoples of Europe. Correct answer.

Explanation

The number twelve is fixed and does not refer to the number of member states; it symbolises the ideals of unity, solidarity and harmony. The design was adopted by the Council of Europe in 1955 and later taken up by the European Communities.

Question 32European identity and culture

Europe Day is observed on 9 May each year. Which event does that date commemorate?

  1. The signing of the Treaty of Rome in 1957.
  2. The first direct elections to the European Parliament in 1979.
  3. The Schuman Declaration proposing European integration in 1950. Correct answer.
  4. The creation of the Council of Europe in 1949.

Explanation

9 May marks the Schuman Declaration, in which France proposed pooling coal and steel production with Germany and other states. That proposal is regarded as the starting point of the European Communities.

Question 33European identity and culture

Which musical work serves as the official anthem of the European Union?

  1. The Internationale by Pierre De Geyter.
  2. Ode to Joy from Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. Correct answer.
  3. La Marseillaise by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle.
  4. Finlandia by Jean Sibelius.

Explanation

The EU uses the Ode to Joy melody from the final movement of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. It has no official lyrics, so the anthem can be performed in a way that respects the Union's linguistic diversity.

Question 34European identity and culture

Which statement accurately describes citizenship of the European Union?

  1. It is additional to national citizenship and automatic for member-state nationals. Correct answer.
  2. It is granted only to people who have worked in another member state.
  3. It is acquired by passing a Union-wide citizenship test.
  4. It replaces national citizenship for people living in more than one member state.

Explanation

EU citizenship was introduced by the Maastricht Treaty and is additional to, not a replacement for, national citizenship. Every national of a member state holds it automatically, and it brings rights such as free movement and voting in European Parliament elections.

Question 35European identity and culture

What is the main aim of the European Capital of Culture initiative?

  1. To rank cities by the quality of their cultural infrastructure each year.
  2. To fund restoration of one monument in the selected city.
  3. To showcase the diversity of European cultures and foster mutual understanding. Correct answer.
  4. To establish a permanent EU capital for cultural institutions.

Explanation

The initiative designates cities for a year-long programme that highlights the richness and diversity of European cultures. It is intended to promote mutual understanding and to support the city's cultural and social development, not to rank cities or create a permanent capital.

Question 36European identity and culture

The EU's Creative Europe programme is primarily intended to support which sectors?

  1. Defence research and space exploration.
  2. Health and consumer protection.
  3. Agriculture and rural development.
  4. Culture and audiovisual media. Correct answer.

Explanation

Creative Europe is the EU's framework programme for the cultural and creative sectors, including the audiovisual industry. It funds cooperation, mobility and audience development rather than defence, agriculture or health policy.

Question 37European identity and culture

What distinguishes the European Heritage Label from a national heritage listing?

  1. It is awarded only to buildings designed by EU-funded architects.
  2. It highlights sites important to European history and integration. Correct answer.
  3. It automatically grants the site UNESCO World Heritage status.
  4. It provides full EU funding for all restoration costs.

Explanation

The European Heritage Label is given to sites that have played a significant role in European history and in building European integration. It is a symbolic label, not a conservation grant or a shortcut to UNESCO status.

Question 38European identity and culture

Under Article 167 TFEU, what is the EU's role in the field of culture?

  1. It supports member-state action and respects national and regional diversity. Correct answer.
  2. It can fund culture only when member states agree unanimously.
  3. It may replace national cultural policies with a single European policy.
  4. It must harmonise copyright and museum laws across member states.

Explanation

Article 167 gives the EU a supporting and supplementing competence in culture. The Union must respect national and regional diversity and can act to encourage cooperation, while responsibility for cultural policy remains with the member states.

Question 39European identity and culture

What does Article 17 TFEU require the European Union to do?

  1. Consult churches but exclude philosophical and non-confessional bodies.
  2. Establish one official religion for the European Union and its institutions.
  3. Fund only religious schools and universities through the EU budget.
  4. Maintain open and regular dialogue with churches and non-confessional organisations. Correct answer.

Explanation

Article 17 recognises the identity and contribution of churches, religious associations and philosophical or non-confessional organisations. It commits the EU to an open, transparent and regular dialogue with them, while respecting the status of member states under national law.

Question 40European identity and culture

Which statement about the EU's language regime is accurate?

  1. It uses English as the sole working language and marginalises regional languages.
  2. It requires member states to adopt a common official language within ten years.
  3. It gives equal status to 24 official languages and legislates in them. Correct answer.
  4. It recognises only languages spoken by at least one million EU citizens.

Explanation

The EU's official languages are the languages of the member states, and legislation is published in each of them so that citizens can read EU law in their own language. The Union also protects regional and minority languages and does not impose a common official language.

Question 41European history and integration

In which year was the Schuman Declaration made, proposing that French and West German coal and steel production be placed under a common authority?

  1. 1957
  2. 1948
  3. 1945
  4. 1950 Correct answer.

Explanation

The declaration was delivered by French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman on 9 May 1950, a date now marked as Europe Day. It proposed pooling coal and steel under a supranational High Authority and led to the Treaty of Paris establishing the ECSC in 1951.

Question 42European history and integration

Which treaty established the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community?

  1. Treaty of Paris
  2. Single European Act
  3. Treaty of Rome Correct answer.
  4. Treaty of Maastricht

Explanation

The Treaties of Rome were signed in March 1957 by the six ECSC states and entered into force in 1958, creating the EEC and Euratom. The EEC established a common market and customs union among its members.

Question 43European history and integration

In which enlargement round did Malta join the European Union?

  1. 1995
  2. 2004 Correct answer.
  3. 2007
  4. 2013

Explanation

Malta acceded on 1 May 2004 in the largest single enlargement, alongside nine other states including Cyprus, Poland and Slovenia. Its accession followed a favourable referendum in March 2003 and ratification of the Accession Treaty.

Question 44European history and integration

The Single European Act, signed in 1986, is best known for launching which programme?

  1. the launch of the euro as a single currency
  2. the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community
  3. the United Kingdom's accession to the Communities
  4. the 1992 internal market programme Correct answer.

Explanation

The Single European Act amended the Treaty of Rome and set a deadline of 31 December 1992 for completing an internal market without internal frontiers. It also extended qualified majority voting in the Council to facilitate the removal of remaining barriers.

Question 45European history and integration

Which treaty formally created the European Union and introduced its three-pillar structure?

  1. Treaty of Nice
  2. Treaty of Amsterdam
  3. Treaty of Lisbon
  4. Treaty of Maastricht Correct answer.

Explanation

The Treaty on European Union, signed at Maastricht in 1992 and in force from 1993, created the EU. Its three pillars were the European Communities, the common foreign and security policy, and cooperation in justice and home affairs.

Question 46European history and integration

The Copenhagen European Council of 1993 set accession criteria that included which political condition?

  1. a population of at least five million inhabitants
  2. full membership of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
  3. stable democratic institutions and protection of minorities Correct answer.
  4. a national currency formally pegged to the euro

Explanation

The Copenhagen criteria require an applicant to have stable institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities. They also include a functioning market economy and the capacity to take on the acquis communautaire.

Question 47European history and integration

Since which year have members of the European Parliament been directly elected by the citizens of the member states?

  1. 1969
  2. 1993
  3. 1958
  4. 1979 Correct answer.

Explanation

The first direct elections to the European Parliament were held in June 1979, with members elected for a five-year term. Before then, MEPs were nominated by national parliaments from among their own members.

Question 48European history and integration

The Organisation for European Economic Co-operation, founded in 1948, was set up primarily to do what?

  1. coordinate Western European rearmament after 1948
  2. negotiate the customs union that became the EEC
  3. administer Marshall Aid and coordinate recovery Correct answer.
  4. manage the coal and steel pool created in 1951

Explanation

The OEEC was created in 1948 to administer United States Marshall Plan aid and to coordinate the economic recovery of Western European states. In 1961 it was reconstituted as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Question 49European history and integration

Which institutional change was introduced by the Treaty of Lisbon, in force since 2009?

  1. a permanent European Council President Correct answer.
  2. European Union citizenship for member-state nationals
  3. the European Coal and Steel Community
  4. the three-pillar structure of the European Union

Explanation

Lisbon created a full-time President of the European Council, chosen by the Council for a two-and-a-half-year term, and a High Representative for foreign affairs. It also gave the EU a single legal personality and abolished the pillar structure.

Question 50European history and integration

The 'empty chair crisis' of 1965–66 arose from French objections to which developments?

  1. CAP financing and more majority voting Correct answer.
  2. creation of the euro and the Stability and Growth Pact
  3. British membership negotiations and EFTA trade rules
  4. Schengen border controls and a common visa policy

Explanation

France under President de Gaulle withdrew its representatives from Council meetings in 1965 over proposals to finance the Common Agricultural Policy from the Communities' own resources and to extend qualified majority voting. The 1966 Luxembourg Compromise ended the crisis by allowing a member to insist on unanimity where vital national interests were at stake.