EPR flashcards
EPR · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Informed consent
- Agreement to assessment or intervention given after receiving purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, alternatives, and the right to withdraw without penalty. Must be documented.
- Conflict of interest
- A situation where a personal, financial, or other interest could improperly influence professional judgment. It must be disclosed and managed or avoided.
- Scope of competence
- The boundary of practice defined by training, qualifications, and supervised experience. Working outside it without appropriate supervision is an ethical breach.
- Confidentiality limits
- Confidentiality may be overridden by legal duty, court order, statutory reporting, or imminent risk of serious harm, with disclosure limited to the minimum necessary.
- Duty to report
- A legal obligation to notify designated authorities of specified circumstances, such as suspected abuse or serious risk, regardless of client preference for privacy.
- Continuing competence
- The ongoing requirement to maintain and update professional knowledge and skills through defined activities and evidence, as mandated by the registering body.
- Evidence-based practice
- Integration of the best available research evidence, practitioner expertise, and the individual's values, preferences, and circumstances in making professional decisions.
- Validity
- The degree to which an instrument or conclusion measures or represents what it claims to measure. Validity is about interpretation, not the test itself.
- Reliability
- Consistency of measurement across occasions, raters, or items. It is necessary for validity but does not guarantee that a test measures the intended construct.
- Sensitivity and specificity
- Sensitivity is the proportion of true cases correctly identified; specificity is the proportion of non-cases correctly identified. Threshold changes trade one against the other.
- Positive predictive value
- The probability that a positive result is a true positive. It falls as the prevalence of the condition in the population decreases.
- Standard score
- A score expressed in standard deviation units from the mean, such as z, T, or IQ-type scores, allowing comparison across different instruments and distributions.
- Baseline
- The measured pre-intervention level of the target behavior or skill, used as the comparison point for judging whether change has occurred.
- Fidelity
- The degree to which an intervention is delivered exactly as designed, including content, dosage, and method. Low fidelity undermines attribution of outcomes.
- Formative versus summative
- Formative evaluation monitors progress during implementation to guide adjustments; summative evaluation judges overall outcomes after the intervention is complete.
- Multi-method assessment
- Collecting data through several approaches, such as tests, observation, interviews, and informant reports, to reduce single-source bias and strengthen conclusions.
- SMART goal
- A goal that is Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound, enabling objective later evaluation of whether the target was reached.
- Behavioral observation record
- A record specifying setting, antecedent, observable behavior, consequence, and frequency, duration, or intensity, so the behavior can be reliably tracked over time.
- Contemporaneous documentation
- Recording observations and decisions at or near the time they occur, dated and signed, distinguishing factual data from professional interpretation.
- Differential consideration
- Systematically ruling out plausible alternative explanations, such as medical, sensory, linguistic, cultural, or motivational factors, before finalizing assessment conclusions.
- Assent
- Agreement from someone not legally able to consent, such as a minor, given in age-appropriate form, alongside consent from a lawful substitute decision-maker.
- Task analysis
- Breaking a complex skill into component steps that are sequenced for teaching, often from simplest to most complex or in natural performance order.
- Prompt hierarchy
- An ordered set of cues from least to most intrusive, such as natural cue, verbal, gestural, model, and physical, with prompts faded to prevent dependency.
- Negative reinforcement
- Removal or avoidance of an aversive stimulus contingent on a behavior, which increases that behavior. It is distinct from punishment, which decreases behavior.
- Extinction burst
- A temporary increase in the frequency or intensity of a behavior when the maintaining reinforcer is withdrawn, often followed by decline if the procedure is maintained.
- Generalization
- The occurrence of a learned skill across settings, people, materials, and time beyond the original training conditions, promoted by varied practice and natural reinforcement.
- Least restrictive option
- The intervention that achieves the intended outcome while imposing the fewest limits on the individual's rights, autonomy, and participation in ordinary settings.
- Progress monitoring
- Repeated administration of brief, comparable measures at fixed intervals to determine whether performance is changing and whether the plan should continue or be modified.
- Decision rule
- A pre-specified criterion, such as a set number of consecutive data points below the goal line, that triggers a defined change in the intervention plan.
- PDSA cycle
- Plan-Do-Study-Act: a structured, small-scale test of a change, followed by data review and a decision to adopt, adapt, or abandon it.
- Process versus outcome measure
- Process measures indicate whether an intervention was delivered as planned; outcome measures indicate whether the target condition or performance actually changed.
- Stakeholder mapping
- Classifying stakeholders by influence and interest to determine how frequently and intensively to engage each group during planning and implementation.