NIOSH SHO Hazard Control flashcards
NIOSH SHO Hazard Control · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Hazard anticipation
- Predicting potential hazards before a new process, chemical, or task is introduced, so controls can be designed in rather than added after exposure occurs.
- Similar Exposure Group
- A group of workers with comparable tasks, agents, and controls, whose exposures are assumed similar enough that monitoring and controls are managed at the group level.
- Exposure pathway
- The route a hazard travels from source through release and transport to a worker entry route: inhalation, dermal contact, ingestion, or injection.
- Vapor pressure significance
- A measure of a liquid's tendency to evaporate; higher vapor pressure at a given temperature means greater potential for airborne inhalation exposure.
- Ceiling limit
- An occupational exposure limit that must never be exceeded during any part of the work shift, requiring continuous or near-continuous monitoring rather than an 8-hour average.
- Walk-through survey
- A systematic site inspection that inventories tasks, agents, exposed worker groups, and control measures to establish the basis for exposure assessment.
- NIOSH hierarchy of controls
- Ranking of control effectiveness from most to least reliable: elimination, substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment.
- Elimination control
- Removing the hazard entirely from the workplace, for example by discontinuing a process or task; the most effective and durable control strategy.
- Substitution control
- Replacing a hazardous agent, material, or process with a less hazardous alternative; effectiveness depends on verifying the substitute is genuinely safer.
- Engineering control definition
- A control that acts on the hazard or its transmission path at the source, such as ventilation or enclosure, and does not depend on worker behavior.
- PPE as last resort
- Personal protective equipment places the barrier on the worker, so its effectiveness depends on fit, maintenance, and correct use, making it the least reliable control.
- Interim control
- A temporary measure used while a preferred engineering control is designed or installed; it must have a stated timeline and verification endpoint.
- Capture velocity
- The air speed required at the source to draw contaminant into a local exhaust hood; distinct from duct transport velocity, which keeps material moving.
- Transport velocity
- The air speed inside a duct needed to keep particulate suspended and moving toward the air cleaner; too low causes settling and duct buildup.
- Push-pull ventilation
- A system using a supply air jet to push contaminant toward an exhaust hood, used for open tanks and large welding or plating operations.
- Dilution ventilation limits
- General ventilation lowers concentration by mixing with clean air; it is unsuitable for highly toxic agents, high emission rates, or confined spaces.
- Static pressure
- The pressure exerted by air against duct walls, distinct from velocity pressure, which is the pressure due to air movement; total pressure is their sum.
- Hood placement rule
- Enclose the source where possible, keep the hood close to the source, and avoid positioning the worker between the source and the hood.
- Assigned Protection Factor
- The workplace level of respiratory protection expected for a properly fitted and used respirator class; required APF equals airborne concentration divided by the exposure limit.
- Maximum use concentration
- The highest airborne concentration in which a respirator class may be used; calculated as APF times the exposure limit, capped by the cartridge service limit.
- Qualitative fit test
- A fit test in which the wearer detects a test agent such as saccharin, Bitrex, or irritant smoke leaking into the respirator; relies on subjective response.
- Quantitative fit test
- A fit test that numerically measures leakage into the respirator, for example with a particle count or controlled negative pressure instrument, rather than relying on taste or smell.
- Permeation versus degradation
- Permeation is molecular breakthrough of a chemical through protective material; degradation is physical breakdown of the material; penetration is flow through seams and closures.
- NRR derating
- Adjusting the laboratory Noise Reduction Rating for real workplace use, commonly by subtracting 50 percent for earmuffs and 70 percent for formable plugs.
- User seal check
- A quick positive- and negative-pressure check performed each time a respirator is donned to confirm the facepiece seals; not a substitute for fit testing.
- Training language requirement
- Hazard and control training must be delivered in a language and literacy level workers understand and must address the specific site hazards and controls.
- Job rotation caveat
- Rotation reduces individual cumulative exposure but not total exposure and can spread risk across more workers; use only when engineering controls are infeasible.
- Work-rest schedule
- A planned alternation of work and recovery periods that balances metabolic heat production against evaporative cooling, supported by acclimatization and fluid replacement.
- Host-contractor coordination
- The host employer communicates site hazards and controls to contractors, and contractors inform the host of hazards they bring on site.
- Control verification versus validation
- Verification confirms a control is installed and functions as designed; validation confirms it actually reduces worker exposure to the intended level.
- Hazard quotient
- Exposure concentration divided by the occupational exposure limit; a value above one indicates the limit is exceeded and controls are inadequate.
- Reassessment triggers
- Events requiring a new hazard assessment: process change, new chemical or equipment, reported symptoms, near misses, or a revised exposure limit.