Technology and Applications of Science
What this domain tests
Technology and Applications of Science tests how scientific principles are used in biotechnology, energy, materials, medicine and communication, including benefits and risks.
Core rules
- Biotechnology uses living organisms or enzymes. Fermentation with yeast produces ethanol and carbon dioxide; bacteria can make human insulin through genetic engineering.
- Genetic engineering transfers a gene using vectors such as plasmids. It can produce medicines, but it raises ethical and safety issues.
- Renewable energy sources include solar, wind, hydro, biomass and geothermal. Compare reliability, cost and environmental impact.
- Materials such as alloys, composites, polymers and smart materials are chosen for strength, conductivity, flexibility or durability.
- Medical imaging includes X-rays, ultrasound, MRI and CT scans; each uses different physical principles and has different risks.
- ICT and optical fibres use total internal reflection; satellites and mobile networks use electromagnetic waves.
Worked example
A solar panel receives 1000 W m⁻² over an area of 2 m², so the input power is 2000 W. If it delivers 300 W, efficiency = (300 ÷ 2000) × 100% = 15%. The remaining 1700 W is reflected, absorbed as heat or lost in the inverter. This calculation shows why both panel area and efficiency affect output.
Traps
Do not claim renewable energy has no environmental impact. Do not confuse scientific possibility with ethical acceptability. Give a specific advantage and a specific disadvantage, not just 'good' or 'bad'. Check units when calculating efficiency.