STPM flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Article 4(1) Federal Constitution

Declares the Federal Constitution supreme; any law inconsistent with it is void to the extent of the inconsistency.

Dewan Negara membership

70 members: 26 elected by state legislative assemblies (two per state) and 44 appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, including representatives of minority groups and the federal territories.

Rukun Negara principles

Five national principles: Belief in God; Loyalty to King and Country; Supremacy of the Constitution; Rule of Law; Courtesy and Morality.

Quadratic formula

For ax²+bx+c=0, x = (−b ± √(b²−4ac)) / 2a; the discriminant b²−4ac determines whether roots are real and distinct, equal, or complex.

Sum and product of roots

For ax²+bx+c=0, the sum of roots α+β = −b/a and the product αβ = c/a.

Integration by parts

∫u dv = uv − ∫v du; choose u using LIATE (Logarithmic, Inverse trig, Algebraic, Trigonometric, Exponential) to simplify the integral.

De Moivre's theorem

For z = r(cosθ + i sinθ), zⁿ = rⁿ(cos nθ + i sin nθ); the nth roots are r^(1/n) cis((θ+2kπ)/n) for k = 0 to n−1.

Trapezium rule

Numerically approximates ∫ₐᵇ f(x)dx as (h/2)[f₀ + 2(f₁+…+fₙ₋₁) + fₙ], where h = (b−a)/n and n is the number of strips.

Ideal gas law

pV = nRT with R = 8.314 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹; one mole of gas occupies about 22.4 dm³ at standard temperature and pressure.

Le Chatelier's principle

When a system at equilibrium is disturbed, it shifts to oppose the change; raising pressure favours the side with fewer gas moles.

Michaelis–Menten equation

v = Vmax[S]/(Km+[S]); Km is the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is half of Vmax.

DNA base pairing

Adenine pairs with thymine via two hydrogen bonds; guanine pairs with cytosine via three; RNA replaces thymine with uracil.

Newton's second law

The net force on a body equals its mass times acceleration (F = ma); force and acceleration are in the same direction.

BM prefix meN-

A nasal prefix that assimilates to the initial consonant of the root (p→m, t→n, k→ng, s→ny) and usually forms an active transitive verb.

Third conditional

If + past perfect, would have + past participle; describes an unreal past situation and its imagined result.

Arabic verb Form II

Pattern فَعَّلَ (faʿʿala), formed by doubling the middle radical; often makes a verb causative or intensive.

Mandarin aspect marker 了

Placed after a verb to mark completion of an action (perfective aspect); it is not a tense marker.

Price elasticity of demand

Percentage change in quantity demanded divided by percentage change in price; |PED| > 1 is elastic, < 1 inelastic, = 1 unitary.

The multiplier

k = 1/(1 − MPC) = 1/MPS; a change in autonomous spending changes equilibrium income by k times that change.

Comparative advantage

A country should specialise in goods for which its opportunity cost of production is lower than its trading partner's, even if it has no absolute advantage.

Map scale 1:50,000

One centimetre on the map represents 50,000 cm, i.e. 500 metres, on the ground; a larger denominator means a smaller-scale map.

Accounting equation

Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity; every transaction must keep this equation in balance under double-entry bookkeeping.

Break-even point in units

Fixed costs divided by the contribution per unit (selling price minus variable cost per unit); the output at which total revenue equals total cost.

Third normal form (3NF)

A relation in 2NF with no transitive dependencies - every non-key attribute depends only on the primary key, not on another non-key attribute.

TCP versus UDP

TCP is connection-oriented and reliable, using a three-way handshake and retransmission; UDP is connectionless, faster, and used for streaming and DNS.

Working capital

Current assets minus current liabilities; it measures a firm's short-term liquidity and ability to meet obligations as they fall due.

Elements of art

Line, shape, form, space, texture, value, and colour; the basic visual components used to build and analyse artworks.

Five Pillars of Islam

Shahadah (declaration of faith), Salah (prayer), Zakat (almsgiving), Sawm (fasting in Ramadan), and Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca).

Four Noble Truths

Buddhist teaching: suffering exists, it has a cause (craving), it can cease, and the Eightfold Path leads to its cessation.

Islamic geometric art

Religious Islamic art avoids figurative images, relying instead on geometric patterns, arabesque motifs, and calligraphy to express unity and infinity.

Hindu four goals of life

Dharma (duty), artha (prosperity), kama (pleasure), and moksha (liberation); the four Vedas are the oldest Hindu scriptures.

Stages of art criticism

Description (what is seen), analysis (how elements are used), interpretation (what it means), and judgement (whether it succeeds).