NBCC NCE flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Informed consent elements

Competence, voluntariness, disclosure of purpose, risks, benefits, alternatives, and the right to withdraw; consent is an ongoing process documented throughout treatment, not a single signature.

Tarasoff duty to protect

When a client poses serious danger to an identifiable third party, the counselor must take protective action such as warning the victim, notifying police, or initiating hospitalization, as state law requires.

Boundary crossing versus violation

A boundary crossing is a deviation from usual practice that may be benign or even helpful; a boundary violation exploits or harms the client and is always unethical.

Cultural encapsulation

The tendency to interpret reality through one's own cultural assumptions, producing stereotyping, insensitivity to within-group variation, and dismissal of evidence that contradicts those assumptions.

Microaggressions

Brief, commonplace verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities that communicate hostile or derogatory messages; they include microassaults, microinsults, and microinvalidations.

Acculturation strategies

Berry's four strategies (integration, assimilation, separation, marginalization) depend on orientation to heritage culture and host culture; integration is generally associated with best adjustment.

Intersectionality

Crenshaw's concept that multiple identities (race, gender, class, sexual orientation, disability) combine to produce unique experiences of privilege and oppression that cannot be understood separately.

Piaget's concrete operational stage

Ages roughly 7 to 11, when children acquire conservation, reversibility, and classification, and can reason logically about concrete events but not yet about abstract hypotheses.

Erikson's identity versus role confusion

The psychosocial crisis of adolescence, in which the person integrates values, beliefs, and social roles into a coherent identity; failure produces role confusion and difficulty committing to adult roles.

Zone of proximal development

Vygotsky's term for the gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with guidance; scaffolding within this zone promotes development.

Attachment patterns

Ainsworth's classifications (secure, avoidant, ambivalent/resistant) plus later disorganized; early caregiving shapes internal working models of self and others that influence relationships.

Holland RIASEC types

Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional interest types; congruence between person and environment, consistency, differentiation, and identity describe career fit.

Super's life-span theory

Career development unfolds across life stages (growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance, decline) and life roles, as the self-concept is implemented and revised through work.

Circumscription and compromise

Gottfredson's theory that children progressively eliminate career options based on sex-role and prestige considerations, then compromise on interests, prestige, or sex type under constraint.

Planned happenstance

Krumboltz's approach to career counseling that helps clients recognize and create unplanned opportunities by cultivating curiosity, persistence, flexibility, optimism, and risk taking.

Rogers' core conditions

Unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding, and congruence (genuineness) are the necessary and sufficient relationship conditions for therapeutic change in person-centered counseling.

Ellis's ABCDE model

A: activating event; B: irrational belief; C: emotional consequence; D: disputation of the belief; E: effective new belief and behavior; the basis of rational emotive behavior therapy.

Systematic desensitization

Wolpe's counterconditioning technique pairing a graduated anxiety hierarchy with relaxation so that relaxation competes with and replaces the anxiety response to feared stimuli.

Differentiation of self

Bowen's concept describing the ability to balance emotional closeness with autonomy; poorly differentiated people fuse with others or cut off under stress.

Group storming stage

The second Tuckman stage, marked by conflict, resistance, power struggles, and anxiety about roles; effective leaders address conflict openly rather than suppress it.

Yalom's therapeutic factors

Mechanisms of group change including universality, altruism, instillation of hope, cohesiveness, catharsis, interpersonal learning, and corrective recapitulation of the primary family.

Group screening

Pre-group assessment of fit, readiness, goals, and contraindications such as acute crisis or inability to tolerate feedback, intended to protect members and the group.

Standard error of measurement

SEM equals the standard deviation times the square root of one minus reliability; it estimates the variability of observed scores around a true score and informs confidence intervals.

Validity as test use

Validity is evidence supporting a specific interpretation and use of scores, not a fixed property of the test; it includes content, construct, and criterion evidence.

Standard score conversions

z scores have mean 0 and standard deviation 1; T scores mean 50 and SD 10; deviation IQ mean 100 and SD 15; stanines mean 5 and SD 2.

Criterion-referenced testing

Interpretation of a score against a defined performance standard or mastery criterion, rather than against the distribution of scores in a norm group.

Internal validity threats

History, maturation, testing effects, instrumentation change, regression to the mean, selection bias, and attrition can explain outcomes instead of the manipulated independent variable.

Type I and Type II errors

Type I error rejects a true null hypothesis (alpha); Type II error fails to reject a false null (beta); statistical power equals 1 minus beta.

Effect size

A standardized index of the magnitude of a difference or association, such as Cohen's d or eta squared, independent of sample size; d of 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 are small, medium, large.

The 4 Ps conceptualization

Predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating, and protective factors organize case conceptualization and guide selection of interventions and treatment goals.

Cultural Formulation Interview

A DSM-5 tool that explores cultural identity, explanatory models of illness, cultural stressors and supports, and the clinician-client relationship to improve diagnostic accuracy.

Vicarious trauma

Cumulative transformation of the counselor's worldview and schemas resulting from empathic engagement with clients' traumatic material; it requires supervision, self-monitoring, and workload management.