APC flashcards
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32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Informed consent
- Process of providing clients with information about counseling services, risks, benefits, confidentiality limits, fees, and right to withdraw before treatment begins.
- Nonmaleficence
- Ethical principle of avoiding harm to clients; counselors must not engage in actions that risk client welfare and must prevent foreseeable harm.
- Dual relationship
- When a counselor has another significant relationship with a client (social, financial, familial) that risks exploitation or impaired objectivity; generally avoided.
- Cultural encapsulation
- Wrenn's term for a counselor's tendency to view their own cultural assumptions as universal and to ignore or devalue cultural differences.
- Microaggressions
- Brief, commonplace verbal or nonverbal slights that communicate hostile or derogatory messages to people based on marginalized group membership.
- Acculturation
- Process of cultural change and adaptation when individuals from one culture come into contact with another; Berry described integration, assimilation, separation, marginalization.
- Piaget concrete operational stage
- Ages 7-11; children develop conservation, reversibility, and logical thinking about concrete objects but cannot yet reason abstractly.
- Erikson identity vs. role confusion
- Adolescent psychosocial stage (roughly 12-18) in which the task is to form a coherent sense of self and values; failure results in role confusion.
- Zone of proximal development
- Vygotsky's concept of the gap between what a learner can do alone and what they can do with guidance from a more capable other.
- Holland RIASEC
- Six vocational personality types-Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional-used to match people to work environments.
- Super life-span theory
- Career development occurs across life stages (growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance, decline) and across multiple life roles.
- Trait-and-factor theory
- Parsons's approach: know yourself, know the world of work, and use true reasoning to match personal traits to occupational requirements.
- Unconditional positive regard
- Rogers's core condition of accepting and valuing the client without judgment or conditions of worth, fostering self-actualization.
- Cognitive triad
- Beck's model of depression: negative views of the self, the world, and the future that maintain depressive symptoms.
- Motivational interviewing OARS
- Core MI skills: Open questions, Affirmations, Reflections, Summaries; used to strengthen client motivation and reduce ambivalence.
- Yalom therapeutic factors
- Group mechanisms of change including universality, altruism, instillation of hope, cohesiveness, catharsis, interpersonal learning, and existential factors.
- Tuckman group stages
- Forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning; describes predictable phases of group development.
- Group screening
- Pre-group assessment to determine whether a client fits the group's purpose, can benefit, and is not at risk of harm from group participation.
- Standard error of measurement
- SEM = SD × √(1 − reliability); estimates the variability of observed scores around a true score and is used to build confidence intervals.
- Criterion validity
- Degree to which test scores correlate with an external criterion; includes concurrent (current) and predictive (future) validity.
- Full Scale IQ
- Composite score from Wechsler intelligence scales with a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15, derived from multiple index scores.
- Type I error
- Rejecting a true null hypothesis (false positive); probability equals alpha, typically set at .05.
- Internal validity
- Extent to which a study's results can be attributed to the independent variable rather than confounds like history, maturation, or attrition.
- Effect size
- Quantitative measure of the strength of a phenomenon; Cohen's d benchmarks are .2 small, .5 medium, .8 large.
- Mental status exam
- Structured observation of appearance, behavior, speech, mood, affect, thought process, perception, cognition, insight, and judgment.
- Differential diagnosis
- Process of distinguishing a disorder from other conditions with similar symptoms, including medical and substance-related causes.
- Treatment plan goals
- Measurable, time-bound statements of desired outcomes developed collaboratively with the client and linked to specific interventions.
- Duty to warn
- Legal obligation, when a client poses serious danger to an identifiable victim, to take protective action such as warning the victim or notifying authorities.
- Racial identity development
- Stage models (e.g., Cross) describing how individuals internalize and navigate racial group membership, from pre-encounter to internalization.
- Attachment styles
- Ainsworth's patterns-secure, anxious-ambivalent, avoidant-plus disorganized; describe how early caregiving shapes relationship expectations.
- Circumscription and compromise
- Gottfredson's theory that career aspirations narrow by gender and prestige, then compromise by accessibility, prestige, and interest.
- Solution-focused brief therapy
- Approach emphasizing client strengths, exceptions to problems, scaling questions, and the miracle question to build rapid, goal-directed change.