Structure and Exterior Systems
The Structure and Exterior Systems domain tests foundations, grading, drainage, wall coverings, decks, porches, railings, stairs, driveways, and walkways. The exam focuses on visible evidence of movement, moisture, and unsafe conditions, and on knowing when to recommend a specialist.
Foundations and grading
Identify the foundation type and observe visible cracks. Hairline shrinkage cracks are common; diagonal or step cracks with displacement may indicate differential movement. Check that grading slopes away from the foundation, downspouts discharge away, vegetation does not trap moisture, and retaining walls show no obvious movement.
Exterior components
Observe siding, trim, eaves, soffits, fascia, decks, and railings. Deck ledger attachment and flashing are frequent defects. Guardrails are commonly expected at 36 inches minimum with balusters spaced so a 4-inch sphere cannot pass; handrails should be graspable.
Worked example
A diagonal step crack appears at a brick veneer corner, and a window above it sticks. The inspector reports possible differential movement and recommends a structural engineer. Reasoning: the pattern is visible evidence, but the cause requires specialist evaluation; the inspector should not state “settlement” as fact.
Traps
Labeling hairline cracks structural; ignoring negative grading; missing a deck ledger attachment; failing to report a missing or non-graspable handrail.