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TRCN PQE practice questions

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Question 1Professional standards and ethics

Which document of the Teachers Registration Council of Nigeria sets out the minimum standards of conduct expected of registered teachers?

  1. The Public Service Rules
  2. The Universal Basic Education Act
  3. The Teachers Code of Conduct Correct answer.
  4. The National Policy on Education

Explanation

The Teachers Registration Council of Nigeria issues a code of conduct that defines the ethical and professional standards binding on all registered teachers. It is the primary instrument for disciplining erring teachers. Other documents govern education policy or public servants generally, not teacher ethics specifically.

Question 2Professional standards and ethics

A registered teacher is asked to keep a learner's examination scores confidential. This duty flows most directly from which ethical principle?

  1. Confidentiality Correct answer.
  2. Autonomy
  3. Justice
  4. Beneficence

Explanation

Confidentiality requires teachers to protect information entrusted to them in the course of their professional role, including learners' records and results. Autonomy concerns respecting self-determination, beneficence concerns doing good, and justice concerns fairness.

Question 3Professional standards and ethics

In the professional relationship between a teacher and a learner, which conduct is most clearly a breach of ethical standards?

  1. Giving extra remedial lessons to a struggling learner
  2. Entering into a romantic relationship with a learner in the teacher's class Correct answer.
  3. Reporting a learner's welfare concern to the school counsellor
  4. Marking a learner's script using the approved marking scheme

Explanation

A romantic or sexual relationship with a learner is an abuse of the power imbalance inherent in the teacher-learner relationship and is prohibited under professional ethics. Remedial support, welfare referral, and fair marking are all legitimate professional duties.

Question 4Professional standards and ethics

Which of the following best describes the core purpose of the Teachers Registration Council of Nigeria?

  1. To construct and equip classrooms in basic schools
  2. To recruit teachers for all public schools nationwide
  3. To regulate the teaching profession and maintain professional standards Correct answer.
  4. To set the salaries and allowances of teachers

Explanation

The Council is a regulatory body established to register teachers, enforce professional standards, and discipline erring members. Recruitment, salary setting, and infrastructure are functions of employers and other agencies.

Question 5Professional standards and ethics

A teacher who is registered with the Council is expected to display the highest regard for the truth in dealings with learners and colleagues. This expectation is best described as the virtue of:

  1. Loyalty
  2. Honesty Correct answer.
  3. Punctuality
  4. Obedience

Explanation

Honesty is the professional virtue of truthfulness and integrity in conduct and communication. Punctuality concerns timekeeping, loyalty concerns allegiance, and obedience concerns compliance with instructions.

Question 6Professional standards and ethics

A parent offers a teacher a sum of money to change a learner's terminal grade. What is the most appropriate professional response?

  1. Accept the money and share it with the learner
  2. Decline the offer and report the matter to the school authority Correct answer.
  3. Decline the offer but keep the matter private
  4. Accept the money and change the grade quietly

Explanation

Accepting gratification to alter results is corruption that violates assessment integrity and professional ethics. The teacher should refuse and report the attempted inducement to the appropriate authority.

Question 7Professional standards and ethics

The principle that a teacher should treat all learners fairly regardless of their ethnic group, religion, or socio-economic background is known as:

  1. Conformity
  2. Seniority
  3. Hierarchy
  4. Equity Correct answer.

Explanation

Equity requires impartial and fair treatment of all learners without discrimination. Seniority, hierarchy, and conformity relate to rank, organisational structure, and compliance, not fairness.

Question 8Professional standards and ethics

A teacher discovers that a colleague is physically assaulting learners. According to professional ethics, the teacher should first:

  1. Advise the learners to keep quiet about it
  2. Ignore the matter to avoid conflict
  3. Report the colleague to the appropriate school authority Correct answer.
  4. Confront the colleague publicly before learners

Explanation

Ethical standards require protecting learners from harm, which means escalating credible abuse concerns to the appropriate authority. Public confrontation risks harm to learners, and ignoring or silencing learners enables further abuse.

Question 9Professional standards and ethics

Which of the following is a primary purpose of a professional code of ethics for teachers?

  1. To increase the salary grade of teachers
  2. To replace national legislation on education
  3. To prescribe the curriculum for schools
  4. To guide acceptable conduct and provide a basis for discipline Correct answer.

Explanation

A code of ethics guides professional behaviour and provides grounds for sanctioning misconduct. It does not set salaries, replace legislation, or prescribe curricula.

Question 10Professional standards and ethics

A teacher uses the school's photocopier and stationery to produce materials for a private business during school hours. This conduct is best described as:

  1. Professional development
  2. Delegation of duty
  3. Misuse of the employer's resources Correct answer.
  4. Community service

Explanation

Using public school resources for private gain during official time is misuse of the employer's resources and conflicts with the duty to give full professional service. It is not development, service, or legitimate delegation.

Question 11Professional standards and ethics

The duty of a teacher to keep confidential information about learners is limited when:

  1. The teacher wants to use the information for research without consent
  2. A parent asks for another learner's results
  3. The teacher wishes to share gossip with colleagues
  4. Disclosure is necessary to protect the learner from serious harm Correct answer.

Explanation

Confidentiality yields where disclosure is necessary to protect a learner or others from serious harm, such as child protection concerns. Gossip, disclosing another learner's results, and unconsented research are not legitimate grounds for disclosure.

Question 12Professional standards and ethics

A teacher who consistently arrives late and misses scheduled lessons is failing which professional obligation?

  1. Commitment to research
  2. Commitment to personal business
  3. Commitment to union politics
  4. Commitment to duty and punctuality Correct answer.

Explanation

Punctuality and consistent attendance are core professional obligations that safeguard learners' right to instruction. Research, union politics, and private business are not obligations that excuse neglect of duty.

Question 13Professional standards and ethics

A teacher is asked to serve as an examiner for an external examination in which some of the teacher's own learners are candidates. The most ethical course is to:

  1. Proceed without disclosing the relationship
  2. Proceed and grade the learners harshly to appear impartial
  3. Decline the assignment to avoid a conflict of interest Correct answer.
  4. Proceed and grade the learners generously

Explanation

A direct supervisory or teaching relationship with candidates creates a conflict of interest that should be avoided or disclosed. Generous or harsh grading and non-disclosure all compromise assessment integrity.

Question 14Professional standards and ethics

Which of the following best expresses the ethical principle of non-maleficence in teaching?

  1. Maximising learners' test scores
  2. Respecting learners' right to choose
  3. Refraining from actions that harm learners Correct answer.
  4. Distributing resources equally

Explanation

Non-maleficence is the duty to avoid causing harm, including emotional, physical, and academic harm. Maximising scores, respecting choice, and distributing resources reflect other principles.

Question 15Professional standards and ethics

A teacher receives a gift of significant value from a parent shortly before results are released. The most professional action is to:

  1. Accept the gift since it is a cultural gesture
  2. Decline the gift and explain the school's policy on gifts Correct answer.
  3. Accept the gift and give it to the school quietly
  4. Accept the gift and promise favourable results

Explanation

Gifts of significant value from interested parties create a conflict of interest and an appearance of inducement. Declining and explaining the policy protects the teacher's integrity. Accepting, promising favours, or quietly passing on the gift does not remove the ethical problem.

Question 16Professional standards and ethics

The professional obligation of a teacher to continue learning and improving practice is best described as:

  1. Curriculum prescription
  2. Administrative delegation
  3. Continuous professional development Correct answer.
  4. Performance appraisal

Explanation

Continuous professional development is the sustained effort to update knowledge and skills throughout a teaching career. Delegation, prescription, and appraisal are organisational processes, not the teacher's own learning obligation.

Question 17Professional standards and ethics

A teacher learns that a colleague has falsified a learner's attendance records to claim a bursary. The teacher should:

  1. Confront the colleague before the whole staff
  2. Advise the colleague to destroy the records
  3. Keep silent because it is not the teacher's concern
  4. Report the matter through the appropriate disciplinary channel Correct answer.

Explanation

Falsifying records to obtain funds is fraud and a breach of professional and legal standards. Reporting through proper channels protects the institution and allows fair investigation. Public confrontation, silence, or destroying evidence is improper.

Question 18Professional standards and ethics

In the context of teacher ethics, 'in loco parentis' means that the teacher:

  1. Has the legal right to adopt the learner
  2. Replaces the parent permanently
  3. Stands in the place of the parent while the learner is in school Correct answer.
  4. Determines the learner's inheritance

Explanation

In loco parentis describes the teacher's temporary duty of care, acting in the parent's place while the learner is at school. It does not confer adoption, permanent replacement, or inheritance rights.

Question 19Professional standards and ethics

A teacher is preparing learners for an external examination and obtains a copy of the live question paper in advance. What is the ethical position?

  1. Using the paper is acceptable if learners are not told
  2. Using the paper is acceptable because it improves results
  3. Using the paper is examination malpractice and must be refused and reported Correct answer.
  4. Using the paper is acceptable if the teacher shares it with all learners

Explanation

Accessing and using a live examination paper is malpractice that undermines the integrity of assessment. Concealment, wide sharing, or claiming improved results does not make it ethical.

Question 20Professional standards and ethics

Which of the following best reflects the ethical duty of a teacher towards colleagues?

  1. Taking credit for a colleague's work
  2. Treating colleagues with respect and avoiding malicious gossip Correct answer.
  3. Reporting a colleague's minor error publicly
  4. Competing by undermining a colleague's reputation

Explanation

Professional ethics require collegial respect and cooperation, including avoiding defamation and malicious gossip. Undermining, public shaming over minor errors, and taking credit are all breaches of collegial duty.

Question 21Professional standards and ethics

A teacher in a rural school notices that learners walk long distances and arrive hungry. Applying the ethics of care, the most appropriate professional action is to:

  1. Tell the learners to eat before coming to school
  2. Send the hungry learners home for the day
  3. Refer the matter to the school's welfare system and support learners' access to available programmes Correct answer.
  4. Ignore the situation because it is outside the classroom

Explanation

The ethics of care requires teachers to respond to learners' welfare needs within their professional role, including referral to available support systems. Ignoring, blaming, or excluding learners fails the duty of care.

Question 22Professional standards and ethics

When a teacher's personal religious or political views conflict with the requirement to teach the approved curriculum objectively, the teacher should:

  1. Teach personal views instead of the curriculum
  2. Teach the curriculum objectively and keep personal views out of instruction Correct answer.
  3. Refuse to teach the topic entirely
  4. Teach personal views only to selected learners

Explanation

Professional ethics require teachers to deliver the approved curriculum objectively and not indoctrinate learners with personal beliefs. Substituting, refusing, or selectively indoctrinating learners all breach this duty.

Question 23Professional standards and ethics

The main ethical reason a teacher should avoid public ridicule of a learner's answer is that it:

  1. Slows down the lesson
  2. Increases the teacher's workload
  3. Damages the learner's dignity and confidence Correct answer.
  4. Breaks the school timetable

Explanation

Respect for the dignity of the learner is a core ethical principle, and ridicule harms confidence and participation. Lesson pace, workload, and timetables are practical, not ethical, concerns.

Question 24Professional standards and ethics

A teacher is offered free training by a commercial publisher in exchange for adopting only that publisher's textbooks. The ethical concern is that this arrangement:

  1. Reduces the cost of textbooks
  2. Improves the teacher's qualifications
  3. Creates a conflict of interest that may distort professional judgement Correct answer.
  4. Encourages competition among publishers

Explanation

An inducement conditioned on adopting a particular product creates a conflict of interest that can distort objective professional choices. Qualification improvement, cost reduction, and competition are not the ethical issue raised.

Question 25Professional standards and ethics

Which of the following best describes the ethical expectation for a teacher's relationship with the learner's family?

  1. Discuss staff disputes with parents
  2. Share other learners' results freely with any parent
  3. Maintain respectful communication focused on the learner's welfare Correct answer.
  4. Solicit loans from parents

Explanation

Ethical practice requires respectful, welfare-focused communication with families while safeguarding confidentiality. Sharing other learners' results, discussing staff disputes, and soliciting loans are all breaches.

Question 26Professional standards and ethics

Which document in Nigeria sets out the minimum standards of conduct expected of every registered teacher?

  1. The West African Examinations Council rules
  2. The National Universities Commission benchmark
  3. The Universal Basic Education Commission guidelines
  4. The Teachers Registration Council of Nigeria Code of Conduct Correct answer.

Explanation

The Teachers Registration Council of Nigeria (TRCN) is the statutory body that registers teachers and issues the professional code of conduct binding on all registered teachers. Other bodies issue administrative or academic guidelines, not the teaching profession's code of conduct.

Question 27Professional standards and ethics

A teacher is employed by a state government but is also a registered member of the teaching profession. Which statement best describes the relationship between employer rules and the professional code?

  1. Only the professional code applies because registration overrides employment
  2. Only employer rules apply because the employer pays the salary
  3. The teacher may choose which set of rules to follow in each situation
  4. The professional code and employer rules both bind the teacher, and the teacher must satisfy both Correct answer.

Explanation

Professional registration imposes obligations that are additional to, not a substitute for, the terms of employment. A teacher is therefore accountable to both the employer and the professional body.

Question 28Professional standards and ethics

A teacher marks a learner's script lower than deserved because the learner's parent reported the teacher to the head. Which ethical principle is most directly breached?

  1. Academic freedom
  2. Professional development
  3. Justice and fairness Correct answer.
  4. Confidentiality

Explanation

Justice requires that assessment be based on merit and applied consistently to all learners. Allowing a personal grievance to influence a grade is a failure of fairness.

Question 29Professional standards and ethics

What does integrity require of a teacher who realises that a mark entered on a result sheet was a genuine error in the learner's favour?

  1. Report the error and have the record corrected through the proper channel Correct answer.
  2. Discuss the error only with the learner's parents
  3. Quietly adjust a different learner's mark to balance the total
  4. Leave the record unchanged because the learner benefits

Explanation

Integrity requires honesty and transparency in records, even when an error favours someone. The correct route is to disclose the error and let the authorised process correct it.

Question 30Professional standards and ethics

A teacher's obligation to respect the dignity of every learner is best described as:

  1. A matter of personal preference for the teacher
  2. A rule that applies only during classroom lessons
  3. A courtesy extended only to well-behaved learners
  4. An ethical duty owed to each learner as a person Correct answer.

Explanation

Respect for persons is a foundational ethical duty owed to every learner regardless of behaviour, background, or setting. It is not conditional on conduct or convenience.

Question 31Professional standards and ethics

A teacher is asked to write a reference for a learner and does not know the learner well. What is the most ethical response?

  1. Write a negative reference to protect the teacher's own reputation
  2. Decline and suggest someone who knows the learner, or state clearly the limited basis of the reference Correct answer.
  3. Write a glowing reference so the learner is not disadvantaged
  4. Write the reference but leave out any mention of the limited contact

Explanation

References must be truthful and their basis must be clear so that readers can weigh them properly. A teacher who lacks knowledge should either decline or disclose the limits of that knowledge.

Question 32Professional standards and ethics

Which of the following best describes the ethical use of a school's internet facility by a teacher?

  1. Use it to download materials for a friend's school
  2. Use it for any purpose outside working hours
  3. Use it for school-related work and incidental personal tasks that do not interfere with duties Correct answer.
  4. Use it to run a private online business during break periods

Explanation

School resources are held in trust for the school's purposes. Incidental personal use is normally acceptable where it is minor and does not interfere with duties or breach policy.

Question 33Professional standards and ethics

A teacher keeps a learner's medical information in a personal notebook at home. What is the main ethical concern?

  1. Medical information should never be recorded by a teacher in any form
  2. Private learner information should be held securely and only where it is needed for the teacher's role Correct answer.
  3. The notebook should be shared with other teachers for their information
  4. The information should be disclosed to the whole class for awareness

Explanation

Confidential learner information must be stored securely and accessed only by those who need it for their duties. Keeping it casually at home creates a risk of loss or unauthorised disclosure.

Question 34Professional standards and ethics

A teacher is invited to join a school committee that will select new textbooks. The teacher's cousin owns one of the publishing firms bidding. What should the teacher do?

  1. Ask the cousin for a discount on books for the school
  2. Participate fully without mentioning the relationship
  3. Participate but vote against the cousin's firm to appear fair
  4. Declare the relationship and withdraw from the selection process Correct answer.

Explanation

A conflict of interest must be disclosed, and where the conflict is material the person should step aside from the decision. Declaring but continuing to decide leaves the process open to bias.

Question 35Professional standards and ethics

A teacher overhears two colleagues discussing a learner's family problems in the staff room. What is the most professional action?

  1. Remind them privately that such details should be discussed only with those who need to know Correct answer.
  2. Say nothing, since staff room talk is private
  3. Join the discussion to learn more about the learner
  4. Report them immediately to the police

Explanation

Confidentiality applies within the school as well as outside it; information should be shared only with those who need it. A quiet reminder addresses the lapse without escalating unnecessarily.

Question 36Professional standards and ethics

A teacher is offered a paid part-time job marking scripts for a private coaching centre that prepares learners for the same examinations the teacher's learners will sit. What is the main ethical issue?

  1. The teacher's right to choose a second job
  2. The loss of the teacher's leisure time
  3. The risk of unfair advantage or disclosure of examination-related information Correct answer.
  4. The extra income the teacher will earn

Explanation

The concern is that the arrangement could give some learners an unfair advantage or lead to improper sharing of assessment information. Ethical analysis focuses on fairness and integrity, not on income or convenience.

Question 37Professional standards and ethics

A teacher notices that a colleague regularly humiliates learners by calling them demeaning names. What is the most appropriate first step?

  1. Raise the concern with the colleague directly and, if it continues, report it through the proper channel Correct answer.
  2. Ignore it because it is not the teacher's own classroom
  3. Ask learners to record the colleague secretly
  4. Announce the colleague's behaviour to the learners' parents

Explanation

Professional ethics require addressing misconduct affecting learners, beginning with a direct professional approach where this is safe and appropriate, and escalating through official channels if it persists.

Question 38Professional standards and ethics

A teacher is asked by the principal to inflate a learner's score so that the school's results look better. What is the most appropriate professional response?

  1. Comply because the principal is the teacher's superior
  2. Comply but record the original mark privately
  3. Decline and explain that altering scores is dishonest and breaches assessment standards Correct answer.
  4. Ask the learner to accept the higher mark quietly

Explanation

Obedience to a superior does not justify dishonesty in assessment. A teacher must refuse and explain the professional and ethical reasons for refusing.

Question 39Professional standards and ethics

A learner tells a teacher in confidence that another teacher has been requesting money from learners for extra lessons. What should the teacher do?

  1. Advise the learner to pay and keep quiet
  2. Confront the accused teacher in front of the learners
  3. Treat the disclosure confidentially and report the allegation through the appropriate official channel Correct answer.
  4. Tell the whole staff so that everyone is warned

Explanation

Allegations of extortion must be reported so that they can be investigated fairly, while protecting the identity of the informant as far as possible. Public confrontation risks harm to the learner and prejudice to the investigation.

Question 40Professional standards and ethics

A teacher notices that a bright learner from a poor home has stopped attending because of unpaid fees. Applying the ethics of care, what is the most appropriate response?

  1. Quietly award the learner passing marks to keep the learner on the roll
  2. Remove the learner's name from the register to avoid embarrassment
  3. Raise the case with the school's welfare or management process to find a lawful support route Correct answer.
  4. Pay the fees from the teacher's salary without telling anyone

Explanation

The ethics of care calls for attentive, responsible action that addresses the learner's need within lawful school structures. Using assessment or the register to mask the problem harms the learner and the integrity of records.

Question 41Professional standards and ethics

A teacher holds strong personal views on a social issue that conflict with the approved curriculum content. What is the professionally correct approach?

  1. Tell learners that the curriculum is wrong and they should ignore it
  2. Teach personal views in place of the curriculum content
  3. Teach the approved curriculum objectively and keep personal views from displacing it Correct answer.
  4. Omit the topic entirely to avoid conflict

Explanation

Teachers are entrusted to deliver the approved curriculum and must not substitute personal convictions for it. Balanced, objective teaching respects both the curriculum and learners' right to form their own views.

Question 42Professional standards and ethics

A teacher is offered a fully funded trip by a supplier whose equipment the school is about to purchase. What is the most ethical course of action?

  1. Accept the trip and recommend the supplier's equipment
  2. Accept the trip because it costs the school nothing
  3. Accept the trip but keep it secret from colleagues
  4. Decline the offer or disclose it to the school so that any decision is made without improper influence Correct answer.

Explanation

Benefits from a party with a commercial interest in a school decision create a conflict of interest. The teacher should refuse the benefit or disclose it so that the decision remains impartial.

Question 43Professional standards and ethics

A teacher who is a registered professional is convicted of a criminal offence unrelated to teaching. What is the most likely professional consequence?

  1. The teacher automatically loses the job but keeps registration
  2. There is no consequence because the offence was unrelated to teaching
  3. The teacher must resign from the profession without any hearing
  4. The matter may be referred to the professional body, which can review the teacher's fitness to remain registered Correct answer.

Explanation

Professional bodies have disciplinary processes that consider whether a member remains fit to practise. The outcome depends on a review, not on automatic penalties.

Question 44Professional standards and ethics

A teacher in a public school is offered a bribe by a candidate to leak examination questions. Which combination of duties is most directly engaged?

  1. The teacher's right to privacy and freedom of expression
  2. Integrity in assessment and the duty to protect the credibility of public examinations Correct answer.
  3. The teacher's duty to maintain classroom discipline
  4. Loyalty to the candidate and the duty to help learners pass

Explanation

Leaking examination questions corrupts assessment and damages public confidence in examinations. The relevant duties are honesty and the protection of assessment integrity.

Question 45Professional standards and ethics

A teacher's colleague asks to copy the teacher's lesson notes and schemes of work for the whole term. What is the most professional response?

  1. Give the notes but ask the colleague to hide where they came from
  2. Refuse all contact and report the colleague for laziness
  3. Share ideas and guidance while encouraging the colleague to adapt the material to their own class Correct answer.
  4. Give the notes and also teach the colleague's classes for the term

Explanation

Collegiality supports sharing professional knowledge, but each teacher remains responsible for planning suited to their own learners. Encouraging adaptation balances generosity with professional responsibility.

Question 46Professional standards and ethics

A teacher discovers that a learner has been sending the teacher affectionate personal messages. What is the most appropriate professional response?

  1. Respond warmly to encourage the learner's trust
  2. Maintain clear professional boundaries and refer the matter to the school's counselling or pastoral process Correct answer.
  3. Ignore the messages entirely and say nothing to anyone
  4. Meet the learner privately outside school to discuss feelings

Explanation

Teachers must maintain professional boundaries and avoid any relationship that could exploit the power imbalance with a learner. Referring the matter to pastoral support protects the learner and the teacher.

Question 47Professional standards and ethics

A teacher is asked to give evidence in a disciplinary hearing about a colleague's conduct. The teacher knows only part of what happened. What is the most ethical approach?

  1. Give evidence that supports the colleague regardless of the facts
  2. Refuse to attend so as not to harm the colleague
  3. Give a full account based on what others have said, without attribution
  4. State only what was directly observed and clearly distinguish it from hearsay or opinion Correct answer.

Explanation

Witnesses must give truthful, accurate evidence and distinguish personal observation from what they have merely heard. This protects fairness to all parties in the hearing.

Question 48Professional standards and ethics

A teacher is under pressure to pass a learner whose work is clearly below the required standard because the learner's family is influential. Which principle should guide the teacher?

  1. Influential families should be accommodated to protect the school's reputation
  2. Assessment decisions must be based on evidence of achievement, not on the status of the learner's family Correct answer.
  3. The decision should be left to the family to make
  4. The learner should be passed to avoid conflict with the family

Explanation

Assessment integrity requires that judgements rest on evidence of achievement against stated standards. Social status or pressure cannot justify departing from those standards.

Question 49Professional standards and ethics

A teacher learns that a colleague has been sharing learners' photographs and names on a public social media page without consent. What is the most appropriate professional judgement?

  1. This is a private matter for the colleague alone
  2. This is a breach of learners' privacy and should be raised through the school's safeguarding process Correct answer.
  3. This is acceptable if the colleague removes the posts later
  4. This is acceptable because the photographs were taken in school

Explanation

Learners' personal data, including images and names, are confidential and should not be published without proper consent. The matter should be raised through the safeguarding or data-protection process.

Question 50Professional standards and ethics

A teacher is offered promotion in exchange for giving favourable inspection reports about a colleague's department. Which analysis best captures the ethical problem?

  1. The offer seeks to corrupt the teacher's honest judgement and would harm the colleague and the school Correct answer.
  2. The offer is acceptable if the colleague's department is genuinely good
  3. The offer is a private matter between the teacher and the person offering it
  4. The offer is acceptable because promotion rewards loyalty

Explanation

Inspection and reporting must be independent and truthful. An offer that trades favourable reports for personal advancement corrupts judgement and harms those who rely on accurate reporting.