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NIMS/ICS practice questions

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Question 1Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

Under ICS, which management characteristic means that each individual reports to only one designated supervisor?

  1. Delegation of authority
  2. Unity of command Correct answer.
  3. Span of control
  4. Chain of custody

Explanation

Unity of command holds that every responder answers to one and only one supervisor, which prevents conflicting orders and confusion during an incident. Span of control concerns how many subordinates a supervisor can effectively manage, not who reports to whom.

Question 2Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

In ICS terminology, what is the role of the Incident Commander?

  1. The single person in charge of overall incident management, setting objectives and priorities Correct answer.
  2. The officer who tracks incident costs and time records
  3. The section chief who directs all tactical field operations
  4. The liaison who represents cooperating agencies at the command post

Explanation

The Incident Commander has overall responsibility for the incident, including establishing objectives, strategy, and priorities. The IC may delegate functional duties to command staff and general staff as the incident grows, but retains ultimate authority.

Question 3Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

Which ICS facility is the location where the Incident Commander works and where the primary command functions are performed?

  1. Incident Command Post Correct answer.
  2. Camp
  3. Base
  4. Staging Area

Explanation

The Incident Command Post is the field location from which the Incident Commander and command staff direct the incident. Staging, Base, and Camp are support facilities that serve different logistical or tactical purposes.

Question 4Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

The ICS principle of management by objectives requires that incident objectives be established by which party?

  1. The dispatch center before any responder arrives
  2. Each division supervisor independently for its own area
  3. The first-arriving agency's public information officer
  4. The Incident Commander, with input from command and general staff Correct answer.

Explanation

Management by objectives means the Incident Commander establishes clear, measurable incident objectives, typically with staff input, and these objectives drive planning and tactical operations. Subordinate supervisors then develop tactics that support those objectives.

Question 5Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

A supervisor in the Operations Section can effectively manage only a limited number of subordinates. Which ICS principle does this reflect?

  1. Unified command
  2. Accountability
  3. Comprehensive resource management
  4. Span of control Correct answer.

Explanation

Span of control is the concept that a supervisor can effectively manage only a limited number of subordinates, commonly three to seven with five as a working target. When that range is exceeded, the ICS structure should be expanded or reorganized.

Question 6Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

When multiple agencies with jurisdictional or functional responsibility share incident command, which ICS structure is used?

  1. Area Command
  2. Single Command
  3. Incident Complex
  4. Unified Command Correct answer.

Explanation

Unified Command brings together representatives of agencies with jurisdictional or functional authority to jointly set objectives and strategy under one coordinated command. It is used when no single agency has complete authority over the incident.

Question 7Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

Which ICS organizational element is responsible for directing all tactical operations at the incident?

  1. Finance/Administration Section
  2. Planning Section
  3. Operations Section Correct answer.
  4. Logistics Section

Explanation

The Operations Section implements the tactical response to achieve the incident objectives set by the Incident Commander. The other three sections handle planning, support, and cost tracking rather than tactical direction.

Question 8Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

The Planning Section Chief's primary responsibility during an incident is to do which of the following?

  1. Collect and evaluate information and prepare the Incident Action Plan Correct answer.
  2. Direct the tactical assignment of resources in the field
  3. Order and distribute supplies and equipment to field units
  4. Negotiate cost-sharing agreements among responding agencies

Explanation

The Planning Section gathers and analyzes situation information and develops the Incident Action Plan that documents objectives and tactics for the operational period. It supports decision-making rather than executing tactics or logistics.

Question 9Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

An incident requires food, communications equipment, and medical support for responders. Which ICS section is responsible for providing these?

  1. Planning Section
  2. Finance/Administration Section
  3. Operations Section
  4. Logistics Section Correct answer.

Explanation

The Logistics Section provides facilities, services, personnel, and materials needed to support the incident, including food, communications, and responder medical support. Operations uses these resources to carry out tactics but does not procure them.

Question 10Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

Which command staff position serves as the point of contact for representatives of other agencies and organizations assisting at an incident?

  1. Public Information Officer
  2. Operations Section Chief
  3. Liaison Officer Correct answer.
  4. Safety Officer

Explanation

The Liaison Officer coordinates with assisting and cooperating agencies, serving as their contact point at the incident. The Safety Officer and Public Information Officer have different command staff duties.

Question 11Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

A Safety Officer at an incident observes an operation that poses an imminent threat to responders. What authority does the Safety Officer have in ICS?

  1. The authority to approve the incident budget for safety equipment
  2. The authority to dismiss the Operations Section Chief
  3. The authority to reassign tactical resources between divisions
  4. The authority to halt or modify the unsafe operation and to advise the Incident Commander on safety matters Correct answer.

Explanation

The Safety Officer monitors safety conditions and develops measures to ensure responder safety, and has the authority to stop or modify unsafe actions. This authority supports the IC's responsibility for responder welfare.

Question 12Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

What is the primary function of the Public Information Officer at an incident?

  1. To gather and release incident information to the public and media Correct answer.
  2. To coordinate with assisting agencies' representatives
  3. To develop the incident safety plan
  4. To track incident costs and personnel time

Explanation

The Public Information Officer serves as the point of contact for the media and public, gathering and releasing accurate incident information. This keeps a single, consistent message and prevents conflicting releases.

Question 13Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

Which ICS section is responsible for tracking incident costs and providing financial analysis for the response?

  1. Logistics Section
  2. Operations Section
  3. Finance/Administration Section Correct answer.
  4. Planning Section

Explanation

The Finance/Administration Section monitors incident costs, handles time recording, and provides financial analysis, especially when reimbursement or cost recovery is anticipated. It does not direct tactics or logistics.

Question 14Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

In ICS, what is the purpose of the Incident Action Plan (IAP)?

  1. To serve as the legal authorization for the incident to begin
  2. To document incident objectives and the tactics and resources planned for the operational period Correct answer.
  3. To list the names and certifications of all responders on scene
  4. To record the cost of all resources assigned to the incident

Explanation

The Incident Action Plan communicates the incident objectives and the tactics, resources, and support needed for a defined operational period. It is typically oral in small incidents and written in larger or more complex ones.

Question 15Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

Which statement best describes the ICS concept of a division?

  1. A geographic or functional area of tactical operations within the Operations Section Correct answer.
  2. A location where resources await assignment
  3. A multi-agency command arrangement for joint authority
  4. A unit that handles food and sanitation for responders

Explanation

Divisions are organizational elements within the Operations Section that divide the incident into geographic or functional areas to manage tactical operations. Groups perform a similar function but are organized by functional specialty rather than geography.

Question 16Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

An incident commander needs a location where unassigned resources check in and await tactical assignment. Which ICS facility serves this purpose?

  1. Staging Area Correct answer.
  2. Incident Command Post
  3. Camp
  4. Base

Explanation

A Staging Area is a temporary location where resources are held while awaiting tactical assignment, helping the Operations Section manage resources efficiently. Camps and Base are logistics support facilities, not assignment holding areas.

Question 17Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

Which principle of ICS requires that all responders understand their assigned roles and report to a single supervisor for accountability?

  1. Transfer of command
  2. Comprehensive resource management
  3. Accountability Correct answer.
  4. Integrated communications

Explanation

Accountability ensures that all responders are checked in, tracked, and answerable to a single supervisor, which supports safety and effective resource management. It is reinforced through check-in procedures and resource tracking.

Question 18Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

When command authority is formally transferred from one Incident Commander to another, what should occur?

  1. A briefing between the outgoing and incoming Incident Commanders to ensure continuity Correct answer.
  2. A vote among section chiefs to confirm the new commander
  3. A new Incident Action Plan issued by dispatch before the transfer
  4. An immediate suspension of all tactical operations until the next operational period

Explanation

Transfer of command should include a briefing from the outgoing to the incoming Incident Commander so that objectives, situation, and resources are understood and continuity is maintained. The transfer should be communicated to all affected personnel.

Question 19Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

Which ICS organizational level is established to oversee multiple incidents that are each being managed by a separate Incident Commander?

  1. Area Command Correct answer.
  2. Division
  3. Unified Command
  4. Staging Area

Explanation

Area Command is established when multiple incidents are each managed by their own Incident Commander and oversight is needed to set priorities and allocate resources across them. It differs from Unified Command, which coordinates command of a single incident.

Question 20Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

Which statement accurately describes the ICS principle of flexibility?

  1. All positions must be filled before operations can begin
  2. The Incident Action Plan must be written for every incident regardless of size
  3. Command must always remain with the first-arriving agency
  4. The organization can expand or contract to meet the needs of the incident Correct answer.

Explanation

ICS is designed to be flexible, expanding or contracting as the incident demands, so only the positions needed are activated. This allows a small incident to be managed by a single Incident Commander and a large one to grow into a full organization.

Question 21Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

In ICS, the term 'resource' refers to which of the following?

  1. Only the funding allocated to the incident
  2. Only the facilities used by command staff
  3. Personnel and equipment available or assigned to an incident Correct answer.
  4. Only the written plans produced by the Planning Section

Explanation

In ICS, resources include personnel, equipment, teams, supplies, and facilities that can be assigned to an incident. Comprehensive resource management involves categorizing, ordering, and tracking these resources.

Question 22Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

Which ICS management characteristic ensures that responders use common terminology so that organizational elements and resources are clearly understood across agencies?

  1. Unity of command
  2. Span of control
  3. Management by objectives
  4. Common terminology Correct answer.

Explanation

Common terminology means using standardized terms for organizational elements, positions, and resources so that responders from different agencies understand one another. This reduces confusion during multi-agency response.

Question 23Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

A complex incident has grown and the Incident Commander wants to delegate authority for a specific function while retaining overall command. What is this called?

  1. Transfer of command
  2. Unified Command
  3. Area Command
  4. Delegation of authority Correct answer.

Explanation

Delegation of authority is the process by which the Incident Commander grants specific authority to subordinates, such as a section chief, while retaining overall command responsibility. Transfer of command, by contrast, moves command authority itself to another person.

Question 24Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

Which of the following best describes the ICS chain of command?

  1. A rule that only the first-arriving agency may issue orders
  2. A requirement that all orders be issued in writing
  3. An orderly line of authority within the incident organization from the Incident Commander down through supervisors Correct answer.
  4. A process for transferring command between agencies

Explanation

The chain of command is the orderly line of authority through which orders flow from the Incident Commander down through supervisors to responders. It reinforces unity of command and clarifies reporting relationships.

Question 25Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

Which ICS position is responsible for maintaining the check-in of resources and tracking their status at an incident?

  1. Liaison Officer within the Command Staff
  2. Safety Officer within the Command Staff
  3. Finance/Administration Section Chief
  4. Resources Unit Leader within the Planning Section Correct answer.

Explanation

The Resources Unit, part of the Planning Section, maintains resource check-in and status tracking so command knows what resources are assigned and available. The Liaison and Safety Officers perform different command staff functions.

Question 26Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

Which ICS management characteristic is illustrated when every incident facility, resource, and position is assigned a clear title and the organization chart shows exactly who reports to whom?

  1. Unity of command
  2. Comprehensive resource management
  3. Modular organization Correct answer.
  4. Manageable span of control

Explanation

Modular organization means the ICS structure is built from standard, pre-defined functional blocks that expand or contract with the incident's needs. Clear titles and a chart showing reporting relationships reflect that standardized, scalable design rather than the one-supervisor rule or span-of-control limits.

Question 27Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

The Incident Commander is the only position always staffed in ICS. Which statement best explains why the other Command and General Staff positions are optional?

  1. They are activated only after a written delegation of authority is approved by the jurisdiction
  2. They are established only when two or more incidents are managed under one Incident Commander
  3. They are staffed only when the incident's size and complexity require the function to be performed Correct answer.
  4. They are filled only by personnel from the agency with jurisdictional responsibility

Explanation

ICS is built so that only the Incident Commander is required, and the remaining positions are added as the workload demands. Functions can be performed by the Incident Commander until the span of control or complexity justifies delegating them.

Question 28Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

At a growing wildfire, the Incident Commander assigns a single supervisor to oversee three strike teams working the same flank. Which ICS principle is being applied?

  1. Creating a branch to coordinate multiple incidents under one operations chief
  2. Establishing a division with a supervisor to keep the span of control manageable Correct answer.
  3. Forming a unified command with the agencies that hold jurisdiction
  4. Activating a planning section to produce the incident action plan

Explanation

Grouping resources under one supervisor keeps the number of direct reports within a manageable span of control, and a geographic assignment of that kind is typically organized as a division. The supervisor coordinates the strike teams while remaining accountable to the Operations Section Chief.

Question 29Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

Which statement correctly describes the difference between a division and a group in the ICS Operations Section?

  1. A division is organized by function, while a group is organized by geographic area
  2. A division is organized by geographic area, while a group is organized by the function being performed Correct answer.
  3. A division reports to the Planning Section, while a group reports to the Logistics Section
  4. A division is used only in unified command, while a group is used only in single command

Explanation

Divisions divide the incident geographically, such as by side of a fire or sector of a scene, while groups divide the work by functional specialty such as medical or hazardous materials. Both report through the Operations Section.

Question 30Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

An incident commander at a small vehicle collision personally performs command, operations, planning, and logistics duties. Which ICS concept does this arrangement demonstrate?

  1. The Incident Commander may combine sections only after approval from the dispatch center
  2. The Incident Commander must transfer command to the first arriving chief officer
  3. The Incident Commander may retain unassigned functions until delegation becomes necessary Correct answer.
  4. The Incident Commander must activate all four sections before tactical operations begin

Explanation

Because only the Incident Commander position is mandatory, the commander absorbs any function not yet delegated and activates sections as the incident grows. This keeps the organization only as large as the incident requires.

Question 31Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

Which ICS facility is established at a safe distance from the incident and serves as the location where the Incident Commander, Command Staff, and General Staff work together?

  1. Base
  2. Camp
  3. Incident Command Post Correct answer.
  4. Staging Area

Explanation

The Incident Command Post is the field location from which the Incident Commander and command and general staff direct the incident. It is distinct from support facilities such as the base, camps, and staging areas.

Question 32Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

During a prolonged response, the Logistics Section establishes a site where responders can sleep, eat, and obtain sanitation services near the incident line. Which ICS facility does this describe?

  1. Camp Correct answer.
  2. Staging Area
  3. Incident Command Post
  4. Base

Explanation

Camps are temporary locations that provide sleeping, sanitation, and sometimes feeding for responders located away from the base. They are established by the Logistics Section when personnel cannot reasonably return to the base.

Question 33Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

Which ICS principle allows the Incident Commander to delegate authority for a specific functional area while remaining accountable for the overall incident?

  1. Unity of command
  2. Transfer of command
  3. Management by objectives
  4. Delegation of authority with retained overall accountability Correct answer.

Explanation

Delegation of authority permits the Incident Commander to assign decision-making for a defined function to a subordinate while the commander remains accountable for the incident as a whole. This is what allows the organization to expand without losing command control.

Question 34Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

Which statement best distinguishes the ICS chain of command from unity of command?

  1. Chain of command is the orderly line of authority from the top to the lowest level, while unity of command means each person reports to only one supervisor Correct answer.
  2. Chain of command is used in unified command, while unity of command is used in single command
  3. Chain of command is established by the Planning Section, while unity of command is established by the Operations Section
  4. Chain of command applies only within a single agency, while unity of command applies across all agencies

Explanation

Chain of command describes the vertical line of authority through which orders flow, while unity of command is the rule that no person answers to more than one supervisor. The two work together to keep direction clear and prevent conflicting orders.

Question 35Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

In an ICS organization, which position reports directly to the Incident Commander and advises on responder safety without exercising tactical command over operations?

  1. Planning Section Chief
  2. Liaison Officer
  3. Safety Officer Correct answer.
  4. Operations Section Chief

Explanation

The Safety Officer is a Command Staff position that reports to the Incident Commander and monitors safety conditions and develops the safety message. Command Staff advise and support the Incident Commander but do not command tactical operations.

Question 36Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

Two agencies each hold jurisdiction over different portions of a large flood response and agree to jointly set objectives and share command. Which ICS structure are they implementing?

  1. Unified Command Correct answer.
  2. A single Incident Commander with a Liaison Officer
  3. A branch within the Operations Section
  4. Area Command

Explanation

Unified Command is used when multiple agencies with jurisdictional or functional responsibility jointly manage an incident by setting shared objectives and strategies together. Each agency retains its own authority while command decisions are made collectively.

Question 37Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

Which statement accurately describes how ICS applies management by objectives at an incident?

  1. Objectives are determined by the Logistics Section because it controls resource ordering
  2. Objectives are set only after all resources have been checked in and assigned to divisions
  3. Incident objectives are established, strategies and tactics are selected to meet them, and progress is measured against them Correct answer.
  4. Objectives are optional for Type 5 incidents and required only when unified command is formed

Explanation

Management by objectives means the Incident Commander establishes measurable objectives, the staff selects strategies and tactics to accomplish them, and performance is evaluated against those objectives. This cycle drives planning and the incident action plan.

Question 38Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

An incident spans several days and the Incident Commander establishes a formal planning cycle with operational periods. Which ICS concept does this reflect?

  1. Transferring command at the end of each operational period
  2. Managing the incident through a defined planning cycle with measurable objectives for each operational period Correct answer.
  3. Converting the incident to Area Command for each period
  4. Expanding the span of control for every supervisor each period

Explanation

ICS uses management by objectives organized into operational periods, with the Planning Section developing an incident action plan for each period. The cycle sets objectives, assigns tactics, and evaluates results before the next period begins.

Question 39Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

Which statement best describes the ICS principle of comprehensive resource management?

  1. Resources are assigned to any supervisor who requests them without documentation
  2. Resources are released only after the incident is formally closed by the jurisdiction
  3. Resources are categorized, ordered, dispatched, tracked, and demobilized through a standardized process Correct answer.
  4. Resources are managed exclusively by the agency that owns them throughout the incident

Explanation

Comprehensive resource management covers the full life cycle of resources, from categorization and ordering through check-in, tracking, and demobilization. Standardized processes allow resources from many agencies to be managed as one incident organization.

Question 40Principles and basic structure of the Incident Command System (ICS)

Which statement best explains why ICS uses common terminology for organizational elements, resources, and facilities?

  1. It allows each agency to keep its own titles as long as supervisors approve them
  2. It prevents confusion when agencies with different everyday vocabularies work together under one incident organization Correct answer.
  3. It reduces the number of positions that must be staffed in the command structure
  4. It eliminates the need for a written incident action plan on large incidents

Explanation

Common terminology ensures that a given title, facility, or resource designation means the same thing to every participating agency. This avoids miscommunication when organizations with different internal vocabularies integrate into a single ICS structure.

Question 41NIMS management characteristics as the foundation of ICS

Which NIMS management characteristic most directly requires that every individual has only one supervisor to whom they report at an incident?

  1. Modular Organization
  2. Chain of Command
  3. Span of Control
  4. Unity of Command Correct answer.

Explanation

Unity of Command means each individual reports to only one designated supervisor, preventing conflicting orders and confusion during operations. Chain of Command describes the orderly line of authority for communication, not the one-supervisor rule itself.

Question 42NIMS management characteristics as the foundation of ICS

A supervisor in the Operations Section can effectively direct only a limited number of resources. Which management characteristic does this reflect?

  1. Comprehensive Resource Management
  2. Span of Control Correct answer.
  3. Incident Action Planning
  4. Management by Objectives

Explanation

Span of Control is the principle that a supervisor can manage only a limited number of subordinates or resources effectively, commonly expressed as a ratio. It drives how the ICS organization is expanded or divided as an incident grows.

Question 43NIMS management characteristics as the foundation of ICS

As an incident expands, the ICS organization grows by adding only the functional elements needed at that time. Which NIMS management characteristic does this describe?

  1. Unified Command
  2. Dispatch/Deployment
  3. Modular Organization Correct answer.
  4. Transfer of Command

Explanation

Modular Organization means the ICS structure is built around the incident's size and complexity, adding or releasing functional units as needs change rather than activating everything at once. This keeps the organization scalable and efficient.

Question 44NIMS management characteristics as the foundation of ICS

Which NIMS management characteristic requires that resources respond only when requested or dispatched by an appropriate authority?

  1. Dispatch/Deployment Correct answer.
  2. Information and Intelligence Management
  3. Accountability
  4. Integrated Communications

Explanation

Dispatch/Deployment states that resources are deployed only when requested by the appropriate authority, which prevents self-dispatch and keeps the resource picture accurate. It supports accountability and safety by ensuring responders arrive as part of an organized effort.

Question 45NIMS management characteristics as the foundation of ICS

Incident objectives are established, communicated, and reviewed throughout the incident under which NIMS management characteristic?

  1. Management by Objectives Correct answer.
  2. Establishment and Transfer of Command
  3. Unified Command
  4. Chain of Command

Explanation

Management by Objectives requires that incident objectives be established early, communicated to responders, and continually reviewed and updated. This gives direction to planning and keeps all elements working toward the same outcomes.

Question 46NIMS management characteristics as the foundation of ICS

Which NIMS management characteristic is illustrated when responders use common terminology so that resource designations and organizational titles mean the same thing to all agencies?

  1. Integrated Communications
  2. Comprehensive Resource Management
  3. Accountability
  4. Common Terminology Correct answer.

Explanation

Common Terminology requires standardized terms, titles, and resource designations so that personnel from different agencies understand each other without ambiguity. It underpins interoperability during multi-agency incidents.

Question 47NIMS management characteristics as the foundation of ICS

Which management characteristic requires that incident personnel check in, maintain records, and be tracked and accounted for during an incident?

  1. Accountability Correct answer.
  2. Management by Objectives
  3. Modular Organization
  4. Delegation of Authority

Explanation

Accountability requires check-in, resource tracking, and clear responsibility for personnel and resources throughout the incident. It ensures that command knows who is on scene and where they are assigned.

Question 48NIMS management characteristics as the foundation of ICS

Which NIMS management characteristic is served when incident information is collected, analyzed, and shared among responders and agencies?

  1. Comprehensive Resource Management
  2. Integrated Communications
  3. Information and Intelligence Management Correct answer.
  4. Unified Command

Explanation

Information and Intelligence Management is the process of gathering, analyzing, and sharing incident information and intelligence across the organization and with partners. It ensures decisions are based on current, validated information.

Question 49NIMS management characteristics as the foundation of ICS

A wildfire grows rapidly and the Incident Commander adds a Planning Section and a Logistics Section that were not initially activated. This action best demonstrates which management characteristic?

  1. Unity of Command
  2. Comprehensive Resource Management
  3. Transfer of Command
  4. Modular Organization Correct answer.

Explanation

Modular Organization allows the Incident Commander to activate only the functional elements required as the incident grows or shrinks. Adding Planning and Logistics sections reflects building the organization to match the incident's complexity.

Question 50NIMS management characteristics as the foundation of ICS

Two fire departments and a public works agency each send a representative who jointly sets objectives and makes decisions for a single incident. Which NIMS management characteristic is being applied?

  1. Unified Command Correct answer.
  2. Span of Control
  3. Delegation of Authority
  4. Chain of Command

Explanation

Unified Command lets agencies with jurisdictional or functional responsibility jointly set objectives and manage the incident under a single command structure without relinquishing their own authority. It is a key NIMS characteristic for multi-agency incidents.