Safe and defensive driving, hazard perception
This domain tests observation, anticipation and speed choice in real traffic. The exam rewards drivers who spot a hazard early, predict what could happen and create space before a situation becomes critical.
The defensive system
- Observe far ahead, anticipate, decide and act early. Scan about 12 to 15 seconds ahead and check mirrors every 5 to 8 seconds.
- Keep at least a two-second gap in dry weather; increase it in rain, darkness or poor visibility. A laden bus needs more.
- Cover the brake near junctions, school areas, parked cars and bus stops. Avoid target fixation on one hazard.
- Check the blind spot before every lane change or pull-out, even when a mirror looks clear.
Vulnerable road users
- Cyclists may pass on the right; check before turning right and before opening doors.
- Children, elderly pedestrians and people with dogs or luggage move unpredictably. Reduce speed and give room.
- At night or in rain, pedestrians in dark clothing are seen late; slow down where people may cross.
Worked example
A ball rolls from between parked cars. The correct reasoning is not only to avoid the ball but to expect a child to follow it. You reduce speed immediately, cover the brake, check the mirror and prepare to stop. Waiting until the child appears leaves too little distance.
Traps
- Assuming a cyclist will yield because you are in a bus.
- Tailgating to prevent cars cutting in.
- Braking late and checking the mirror afterward.
- Driving on when fatigue or distraction reduces attention.