Nokia Services Architecture flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

XGS-PON wavelengths

XGS-PON uses 1577 nm downstream and 1270 nm upstream, with 9.953 Gbit/s symmetric line rate over a shared passive optical distribution network.

GPON split ratio

A 1:64 GPON splitter shares 2.5 Gbit/s downstream and 1.25 Gbit/s upstream among 64 subscribers, trading reach and per-user bandwidth for cost.

VDSL2 vectoring

Vectoring cancels far-end crosstalk among lines in a binder by coordinated pre-coding at the DSLAM, enabling higher bit rates on copper loops.

G.fast reach

G.fast uses 106 MHz or 212 MHz profiles over short copper loops, typically under 250 meters from a distribution point, delivering up to 1 Gbit/s.

5G NR subcarrier spacing

5G NR supports 15, 30, 60, and 120 kHz subcarrier spacing; higher spacing shortens symbol duration and suits higher frequencies and lower latency.

NSA option 3x

In 5G NSA option 3x, the LTE eNB anchors control-plane signaling while the NR gNB carries user-plane data, reusing the existing EPC core.

Massive MIMO

Massive MIMO uses active antenna arrays such as 64T64R to form narrow beams, improving capacity and coverage at higher frequency bands like 3.5 GHz.

RAN CU/DU split

The RAN split places RRC and PDCP in the CU, RLC and MAC in the DU, and RF/PHY-low in the RU, connected by eCPRI or CPRI fronthaul.

5GC service-based architecture

The 5G core uses HTTP/2 RESTful service-based interfaces among NRF, AMF, SMF, UPF, AUSF, UDM, PCF, NSSF, and NEF network functions.

AMF and SMF roles

The AMF terminates NAS signaling and selects the SMF; the SMF controls the UPF over N4/PFCP and allocates UE IP addresses for PDU sessions.

UPF function

The UPF anchors PDU sessions, enforces QoS flow identifiers, and supports uplink classifier and branching for edge breakout in 5G networks.

NEF API exposure

The Network Exposure Function exposes 5G capabilities such as QoS, location, and events to application functions through northbound APIs, analogous to 4G SCEF.

OTN frame layers

OTN frames consist of OPU payload, ODU overhead for monitoring, and OTU with forward error correction, carrying client signals in ODUk containers.

FlexE shim

Flex Ethernet uses a calendar-based shim between MAC and PHY to decouple client rate from line rate, enabling bonding and sub-rate transport.

DWDM C-band spacing

DWDM in the C-band (1530–1565 nm) uses 50 or 100 GHz channel spacing, while CWDM uses 20 nm spacing across 1270–1610 nm.

Segment routing

Segment routing encodes paths as a list of SIDs in the packet header; SR-MPLS uses labels and SRv6 uses 128-bit IPv6 addresses, removing per-flow core state.

IPsec ESP

IPsec ESP provides confidentiality and integrity for IP packets, with keys negotiated by IKEv2; AH provides integrity only and is rarely deployed.

MACsec

MACsec (IEEE 802.1AE) encrypts Layer 2 frames hop-by-hop and uses MACsec Key Agreement for session key establishment between adjacent nodes.

5G SUCI

SUCI conceals the subscriber permanent identity over the air, preventing IMSI catching, while AKA provides mutual authentication between UE and network.

Zero Trust

Zero Trust replaces implicit network trust with continuous verification and micro-segmentation, limiting east-west lateral movement after a breach.

TM Forum autonomy levels

Autonomous network levels range from L0 manual through L1 assisted, L2 partial, L3 conditional, L4 highly autonomous, to L5 fully autonomous operation.

Closed-loop automation

Closed-loop automation senses telemetry, analyzes with AI/ML, decides via policy, acts through orchestration, and verifies the outcome continuously.

Intent-based networking

Intent-based networking expresses a desired business or service outcome, and the system derives and enforces the underlying configuration automatically.

Nokia NSP

Nokia Network Services Platform provides closed-loop automation, intent-based orchestration, and assurance across IP and optical domains.

CAMARA APIs

CAMARA defines common telco APIs such as Quality on Demand, Device Location, SIM Swap, and Number Verification for developer reuse across operators.

GSMA Open Gateway

GSMA Open Gateway exposes CAMARA APIs through operator channels with common authentication and consent, enabling developer access to network capabilities.

Quality on Demand API

The QoD API lets an application request a guaranteed QoS flow for a defined duration, mapped to PCF policy and enforced by SMF and UPF.

SIM Swap API

The SIM Swap API signals recent SIM changes to applications, helping banks and fintechs prevent account takeover fraud after a SIM swap.

VXLAN

VXLAN encapsulates Layer 2 frames over Layer 3 using a 24-bit VNI, enabling large-scale overlay segments across a routed data center fabric.

EVPN control plane

EVPN distributes MAC and IP reachability information via BGP for VXLAN overlays, replacing flood-and-learn with a scalable control plane.

RoCEv2 lossless Ethernet

RoCEv2 runs RDMA over Converged Ethernet and requires lossless behavior via priority flow control and ECN for AI/ML and storage workloads.

BGP path selection

BGP selects paths by highest weight, highest local preference, locally originated, shortest AS path, lowest origin, lowest MED, eBGP over iBGP, then lowest router ID.

Microwave link budget

Received power equals transmit power plus antenna gains minus path loss and feeder losses; it must exceed receiver threshold by the required fade margin.