Educational Planning, Management and School Governance
This domain asks you to think like a planner and a head teacher at once: how targets are set, resources allocated, schools governed and performance measured.
Planning concepts
Know the classic planning approaches - manpower/HRD approach (project labour needs), social demand approach (project demand from population and enrolment trends), rate-of-return/cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness approaches. Distinguish perspective plan (long-range), strategic plan, annual plan and school improvement plan (SIP). Tools: school mapping, micro-planning, PERT/CPM for scheduling, SWOT for diagnosis, PPBS for budgeting. Educational Management Information System (EMIS) and the annual flash report supply the indicators.
Indicators you must compute
Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) = total enrolment at a level divided by the eligible-age population, multiplied by 100. Net Enrolment Ratio (NER) uses only enrolled children of official age. Pupil-teacher ratio, unit cost, internal efficiency (repetition, dropout, cohort survival), and transition rates.
Governance
Understand the federal shift: education is a shared competence; local governments run basic schooling, provincial governments handle secondary and higher secondary schooling within national frameworks. The School Management Committee (SMC) is parent-dominated with the head teacher as member-secretary, alongside teachers, local government and donor/community representatives; it approves plans and budgets and oversees teacher accountability. The Parent-Teacher Association supports but does not govern. Head-teacher roles follow POSDCORB (planning, organising, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, budgeting); know MBO (Drucker), TQM (Deming) and the principle of transparency through public audit, notice boards, citizen charter and Right to Information.
Traps
- GER can exceed 100 per cent; NER cannot exceed GER.
- Internal efficiency is not the same as enrolment growth.
- SIP is a school document aligned to the local government plan, not a national policy.
Worked example
A ward has 1,200 children aged 6-10. Enrolment in grades 1-5 is 1,320, of whom 1,020 are aged 6-10. GER = 1,320/1,200 x 100 = 110; NER = 1,020/1,200 x 100 = 85. The 110 exposes over-age and repeat enrolment that GER alone conceals.