MECEE-BL Nepal flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Osmosis

Movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to lower water potential, without requiring energy input.

Mitochondrial function

Mitochondria carry out aerobic respiration, generating ATP through the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation on the inner membrane cristae.

Codominance

Both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed, as in AB blood type where A and B antigens appear together on red blood cells.

Photosystem II role

Splits water into oxygen, protons, and electrons during the light reaction, supplying electrons to the photosynthetic electron transport chain.

Avogadro constant

The number of particles in one mole of a substance, equal to 6.022 x 10^23 per mole, used to convert moles to particle counts.

Le Chatelier's principle

When a system at equilibrium is disturbed by changes in concentration, pressure, or temperature, the equilibrium shifts to counteract that disturbance.

Oxidation number

A formal charge assigned to an atom assuming electrons in bonds belong to the more electronegative atom; increases on oxidation, decreases on reduction.

Molarity

Concentration expressed as moles of solute dissolved per litre of solution; used in stoichiometry and dilution calculations with M1V1 = M2V2.

Ideal gas equation

PV = nRT relates pressure, volume, moles, and absolute temperature of an ideal gas, with R the universal gas constant.

Snell's law

n1 sin(theta1) = n2 sin(theta2) describes refraction, where n is refractive index and angles are measured from the normal.

Total internal reflection

Occurs when light travels from a denser to a rarer medium at an angle exceeding the critical angle, reflecting entirely back into the denser medium.

Ohm's law

Current through a conductor is directly proportional to potential difference across it at constant temperature, expressed as V = IR.

Work-energy theorem

The net work done on an object equals its change in kinetic energy, linking force over distance to changes in speed.

Simple pendulum period

T = 2 pi sqrt(L/g), the time for one full oscillation, independent of bob mass for small angular amplitudes.

Quadratic discriminant

The value b^2 - 4ac determines root nature: positive gives two real roots, zero gives equal roots, negative gives complex roots.

Derivative of x^n

For any real exponent n, the derivative of x raised to n is n times x raised to n minus one.

Geometric progression sum

Sum of n terms is a(r^n - 1)/(r - 1) for ratio r not equal to 1; infinite sum is a/(1-r) when |r| < 1.

Integration by parts

Integral of u dv equals uv minus integral of v du; choose u by ILATE order to simplify the remaining integral.

Binomial theorem

Expands (a + b)^n as the sum of C(n,r) a^(n-r) b^r for r from 0 to n, giving coefficients from Pascal's triangle.

Clock hand angle

Angle between hour and minute hands equals |30H - 5.5M| degrees, where H is hour and M is minutes past the hour.

Leap year weekday shift

A normal year shifts the weekday of a given date by one day, while a leap year shifts it by two days.

Blood relation mapping

Draw a family tree marking gender and generation; the daughter of your sister is your niece, the brother of your father your uncle.

Net percentage change

Increasing a quantity by x percent then decreasing by x percent yields a net decrease of x squared divided by 100 percent.

Direction sense shortcut

Track each turn as a vector displacement from the start; the shortest distance is the straight-line resultant found by Pythagoras.

Vitamin C deficiency

Lack of vitamin C impairs collagen synthesis, causing scurvy with bleeding gums, poor wound healing, and joint pain.

Malaria transmission

The Plasmodium parasite is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito, mainly at dusk and night.

WHO definition of health

Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Active immunity

Protection produced by the body's own immune response after infection or vaccination, generating antibodies and memory cells.

Normal adult heart rate

Resting heart rate for a healthy adult is roughly 60 to 100 beats per minute; athletes often show lower resting values.

Blood platelets

Small cell fragments in blood that clump at damaged vessel walls and release factors initiating clot formation to stop bleeding.

Everest height

Mount Everest, called Sagarmatha in Nepal, stands 8,848.86 metres above sea level on the Nepal-China border.

Dengue vector

Dengue virus is transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which bite mainly during daylight and breed in clean standing water.