Nepal TSC Secondary Teaching License cheat sheet

Nepal's constitution (promulgated 20 September 2015) has 35 parts, 308 articles and 9 schedules; it declares Nepal a federal democratic republic with 7 provinces and 753 local units.

Federal legislature: House of Representatives has 275 members (165 first-past-the-post, 110 proportional); National Assembly has 59 members, of whom 56 are elected and 3 nominated by the President.

Provincial assemblies: each province has a unicameral assembly; the number of seats is twice the number of House of Representatives constituencies in that province, plus proportional seats.

SAARC was founded in Dhaka in 1985 with 7 members; Afghanistan joined in 2007, giving 8 members; the secretariat is in Kathmandu.

Nepal joined the United Nations in 1955 and the World Trade Organization in 2007; it became a member of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1961.

Nepal Standard Time is UTC+05:45, one of only three time zones offset by 45 minutes from UTC.

National symbols: rhododendron (national flower), cow (national animal), danphe (national bird), and the flag is the world's only non-quadrilateral national flag.

Mount Everest (Sagarmatha) height was jointly revised by Nepal and China in 2020 to 8,848.86 metres, replacing the earlier 8,848 m figure.

For current-affairs items, anchor answers to verifiable institutional facts (constitutional article numbers, treaty years, seat counts) rather than to changing office-holders, which date quickly.

Piaget's stages: sensorimotor (0-2), preoperational (2-7), concrete operational (7-11), formal operational (11+); conservation is mastered in the concrete operational stage.

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development defines the gap between what a learner can do alone and what they can do with guidance; scaffolding operates inside this zone.

Kohlberg's moral development: preconventional (punishment/obedience, instrumental exchange), conventional (good boy/girl, law and order), postconventional (social contract, universal principles).

Erikson's psychosocial stages relevant to secondary learners: industry vs inferiority (6-12) and identity vs role confusion (adolescence).

Bloom's revised taxonomy orders objectives as remember, understand, apply, analyse, evaluate, create; lower three are typically used for factual recall.

Classical conditioning (Pavlov) pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus; operant conditioning (Skinner) shapes behaviour through reinforcement and punishment schedules.

Maslow's hierarchy runs physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualisation; lower needs are usually satisfied before higher ones dominate.

Formative assessment is ongoing and diagnostic; summative assessment certifies achievement at the end of a unit or term.

Test reliability means consistency of scores across occasions or items; validity means the test measures what it claims to measure; reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity.

Nepali is written in the Devanagari script; it has 11 vowels (स्वर) and 33 consonants (व्यञ्जन) in the standard varnamala.

Nouns carry gender (लिङ्ग), number (वचन) and case (कारक); case is marked by postpositions such as ले, लाई, बाट, को, मा.

Verbal agreement in Nepali is with person, number and honorific level; the three honorific registers are तँ (low), तिमी (informal) and तपाईं (formal).

Tense forms include सामान्य वर्तमान (simple present), अपूर्ण वर्तमान (present continuous), सामान्य भूत (simple past) and पूर्ण भूत (past perfect).

Sandhi (सन्धि) is the phonological joining of adjacent sounds at word boundaries; examples include विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय.

Samasa (समास) compounds include द्वन्द्व, तत्पुरुष, बहुव्रीहि, कर्मधारय, द्विगु and अव्ययीभाव; identification depends on which member dominates the meaning.

कारक is the relation between a noun and a verb; the eight कारक are कर्ता, कर्म, करण, सम्प्रदान, अपादान, सम्बन्ध, अधिकरण and सम्बोधन.

Poetic devices: उपमा (simile), रूपक (metaphor), अनुप्रास (alliteration), यमक (repetition with different meaning) and श्लेष (pun).

Writing genres tested include निबन्ध (essay), पत्र (letter), प्रतिवेदन (report) and संक्षेपण (precis); a formal letter follows ठेगाना, मिति, सम्बोधन, विषय, body and signature.

Tense-aspect system: simple, continuous, perfect and perfect continuous combine with present, past and future to give twelve core forms.

Passive voice transformation moves the object to subject position and uses be + past participle; only transitive verbs passivise.

Reported speech shifts tense back one step (present to past, past to past perfect) and adjusts pronouns, time and place words.

Conditionals: zero (present + present, general truth), first (present + will, real future), second (past + would, unreal present), third (past perfect + would have, unreal past).

Relative clauses are defining (no commas, essential information) or non-defining (commas, extra information, cannot use 'that').

Articles: 'a/an' for indefinite singular count nouns, 'the' for specific or previously mentioned referents, zero article for generic plurals and abstract nouns.

Modals express degrees of certainty and obligation: must (strong obligation), should (recommendation), may/might (possibility), can (ability or permission).

Subject-verb agreement: indefinite pronouns such as everyone, each and nobody take singular verbs; collective nouns take singular verbs when acting as a unit.

Cohesive devices include reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion; recognising them is a common comprehension question type.

Percentage change = (new - old) / old × 100; successive percentage changes of a% and b% give a net change of a + b + ab/100.

Simple interest = P × R × T / 100; compound amount = P(1 + R/100)^T, with half-yearly compounding using R/2 and 2T periods.

Profit percentage is calculated on cost price; discount percentage is calculated on marked price; selling price = marked price × (1 - discount rate).

Ratio and proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; for a continued proportion a:b = b:c, b is the mean proportional and b² = ac.

Average speed for equal distances = 2xy/(x+y); for equal times it is the arithmetic mean (x+y)/2.

Work problems use the rate rule: combined rate = 1/A + 1/B, so time together = AB/(A+B).

Sum of first n natural numbers = n(n+1)/2; sum of squares = n(n+1)(2n+1)/6; sum of cubes = [n(n+1)/2]².

Pythagorean triplets: 3-4-5, 5-12-13, 7-24-25, 8-15-17 and their multiples; area of a triangle = ½ × base × height = √(s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)).

Probability of an event = favourable outcomes / total equally likely outcomes; for independent events P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B).

SI base units: metre (length), kilogram (mass), second (time), ampere (current), kelvin (temperature), mole (amount), candela (luminous intensity).

Newton's laws: inertia (F = 0 means constant velocity), F = ma, and equal-and-opposite action-reaction pairs acting on different bodies.

Ohm's law: V = IR; power P = VI = I²R = V²/R; resistors in series add, in parallel the reciprocals add.

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂, occurring in chloroplasts with chlorophyll; respiration is the reverse energy-releasing process.

Human blood groups follow ABO and Rh systems; O negative is the universal donor for red cells and AB positive the universal recipient.

pH scale runs 0-14; below 7 is acidic, 7 neutral and above 7 basic; litmus turns red in acid and blue in base.

Ecosystem components: producers, consumers and decomposers, plus abiotic factors; energy flow is unidirectional with roughly 10% transfer between trophic levels.

Nepal's protected areas include Chitwan and Bardia national parks, Sagarmatha and Langtang national parks, and Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve; Chitwan is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Greenhouse gases include CO₂, methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluorocarbons; the ozone layer is depleted mainly by CFCs and is measured in Dobson units.

Fundamental rights in the 2015 constitution include equality (Article 18), freedom (Article 17), education (Article 31) and justice (Article 20); most are enforceable through writs.

The five writs available under Article 133 are habeas corpus, mandamus, certiorari, prohibition and quo warranto.

Separation of powers divides the legislature, executive and judiciary; constitutional bodies such as the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority and the Election Commission check abuse.

Local government has 753 units: 6 metropolitan cities, 11 sub-metropolitan cities, 276 municipalities and 460 rural municipalities.

Federalism in Nepal has three tiers: federal, provincial and local, with powers enumerated in Schedules 5 to 9 of the constitution.

Fundamental duties of citizens include safeguarding national unity, protecting public property and the environment, and paying taxes.

Human rights instruments: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) has 30 articles; Nepal ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1990.

Sources of law in Nepal rank as the constitution, then federal statutes, then provincial laws, then local regulations, with precedents and customs as supplementary.

Panchayat system ran from 1961 to 1990; the 1990 People's Movement restored multiparty democracy and the 2006 movement led to the abolition of the monarchy in 2008.

Secondary level in Nepal covers grades 9-12; the Teaching License examination for secondary level tests the chosen teaching subject at grade 11-12 depth.

For any subject, the official curriculum grid issued by the Curriculum Development Centre defines units, working hours and weightage; question distribution follows that grid.

Science stream subjects include Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Mathematics; each carries numerical problems plus conceptual and practical-application items.

Language subjects test grammar, comprehension, composition and literary appreciation; literature questions require naming genre, period and author correctly.

Social studies and humanities subjects test chronology, cause-effect reasoning, map or source interpretation and terminology accuracy.

Mathematics items at secondary level cover algebra, trigonometry, coordinate geometry, calculus and statistics; formula recall plus derivation steps are both examinable.

Practical/experimental content is examinable in theory: standard apparatus, safety rules, observation tables and sources of error for prescribed experiments.

Answer structure matters: definition, then explanation, then worked example or diagram, then conclusion; marks are allocated per step in the marking scheme.

Verify subject-specific facts (dates, constants, spellings of technical terms) against the current CDC curriculum before relying on memory.

A lesson plan at secondary level typically contains: subject, class, unit, topic, duration, specific objectives, materials, teaching activities, evaluation and homework.

Specific objectives should be written with observable action verbs (define, explain, calculate, compare) rather than vague verbs such as know or understand.

The 5E model sequences instruction as Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate, Evaluate; it suits inquiry-based science teaching.

Microteaching isolates one teaching skill (e.g., questioning, reinforcement, stimulus variation) and is practised in short cycles with feedback.

Continuous assessment in Nepal's school system uses terminal and annual examinations plus internal classroom assessment; marks are reported on a letter-grade scale.

Curriculum implementation in Nepal is guided by the Curriculum Development Centre, with textbooks published by the Janak Education Materials Centre.

Teaching aids are classified as audio (radio), visual (charts, models) and audio-visual (video); selection depends on objective, cost and learner level.

Action research follows identify problem, collect baseline data, plan intervention, implement, observe, reflect, then revise; it is school-based and cyclical.

Inclusive pedagogy uses differentiated tasks, multi-level questioning and peer support so learners with mixed abilities meet the same core objective.