NYSTCE Physical Education flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Karvonen formula

Target heart rate equals ((HRmax minus resting heart rate) times intensity percentage) plus resting heart rate. It uses heart rate reserve and is preferred over flat percentage of HRmax.

Health-related fitness components

Cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition. These five components are the focus of health-related fitness testing and prescription.

FITT principle

Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type. These four variables define an exercise prescription, and progressive overload is achieved by increasing one variable at a time.

Specificity principle

Training adaptations are specific to the demands imposed. A swimmer improves swimming endurance most, and strength gains are specific to the muscle groups and movement patterns trained.

Open versus closed skills

Closed skills occur in a predictable environment, such as a free throw. Open skills occur in an unpredictable environment, such as defending a moving opponent in soccer.

Knowledge of results

Augmented feedback about the outcome of a movement, such as whether a shot went in. It differs from knowledge of performance, which describes the technique used.

Third-class lever

A lever with the effort applied between the axis and the load. Most human limbs are third-class levers, favoring speed and range of motion over mechanical advantage.

Summation of forces

Sequencing segment actions from large proximal muscles to smaller distal ones so forces add up. This principle underlies throwing, striking, and jumping technique.

Formative assessment

Ongoing assessment during instruction that informs teaching decisions. It contrasts with summative assessment, which judges achievement at the end of a unit.

Academic learning time

Time students spend successfully engaged in relevant learning tasks. It increases when management time and waiting in lines are minimized.

STEP model

A differentiation framework that modifies Space, Task, Equipment, and People. It helps teachers include students of varied abilities in the same physical education activity.

Criterion-referenced assessment

Performance is compared to a predetermined standard or rubric rather than to peers. FitnessGram healthy fitness zones are a criterion-referenced example.

Youth activity guideline

Children and adolescents should accumulate 60 minutes or more of moderate-to-vigorous activity daily, including vigorous, muscle-strengthening, and bone-strengthening activity at least three days weekly.

Heat stroke signs

Hot skin, confusion, and core temperature often above 40 degrees Celsius. It is a medical emergency requiring immediate cooling and emergency services, unlike heat exhaustion.

Concussion return-to-play

Any suspected concussion requires removal from play, no same-day return, professional evaluation, and a graduated return-to-learn before a stepwise return-to-play protocol.

RICE protocol

Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation for acute soft-tissue injury. Ice is applied about 15 to 20 minutes at a time and not directly on bare skin for long periods.

Muscular endurance prescription

Lighter loads, roughly 40 to 60 percent of one-repetition maximum, with higher repetitions of 15 or more. It contrasts with strength training's heavier loads and lower repetitions.

Ten percent progression rule

Training load should generally increase by no more than about 10 percent per week. This reduces injury risk while allowing adaptation to occur before further increases.

Valsalva maneuver risk

Breath holding against a closed glottis sharply raises blood pressure. Individuals with hypertension should avoid it and exhale during the exertion phase of lifts.

Detraining

Loss of training adaptations after reduced activity. Cardiorespiratory fitness declines within weeks, and maintaining intensity while cutting volume helps preserve gains.

Self-determination theory

A theory identifying autonomy, competence, and relatedness as basic psychological needs. Satisfying them supports intrinsic motivation and sustained physical activity participation.

Mastery climate

An environment emphasizing learning, effort, and personal improvement over outperforming others. It is linked to greater persistence, enjoyment, and participation in physical activity.

Fundamental movement skills

Locomotor skills such as running and hopping, stability skills such as balancing, and manipulative skills such as throwing and catching. They form the base for later sport-specific skills.

Stages of change

Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. Interventions should match the person's stage, such as building self-efficacy during preparation.

Sport education model

A curriculum model with seasons, team affiliation, formal competition, culminating events, records, and student roles such as player, coach, referee, and statistician.

Teaching games for understanding

An approach that begins with tactical problems in modified games before refining skills. Games are grouped as invasion, net and wall, striking and fielding, and target games.

Lifetime activities

Activities easily carried into adulthood, such as walking, cycling, swimming, tennis, and resistance training. They are emphasized over team sports with low adult participation rates.

Negligence elements

Duty, breach of duty, causation, and damages. Physical educators owe a duty of reasonable supervision, and all four elements must be shown for liability.

FERPA

A federal law protecting student education records. It generally requires consent before disclosure and covers fitness and health information kept in student files.

Reliability versus validity

Reliability is consistency across trials; validity is whether a test measures what it claims. A test can be reliable but invalid, but cannot be valid without reliability.

Least restrictive environment

The requirement that students with disabilities be educated with peers without disabilities to the maximum extent appropriate, with supplementary aids and services as needed.

Cardiac output

The product of heart rate and stroke volume. Both rise during exercise, though stroke volume tends to plateau at higher intensities while heart rate keeps climbing.