Promoting Student Learning and Development
From the IEP to daily instruction
Specially designed instruction (SDI) is the adapted content, methodology, and delivery that addresses the student's unique needs; it is instruction, not merely access. Layer it with Universal Design for Learning (multiple means of engagement, representation, and action/expression), differentiation, explicit instruction with modeling and guided practice, and scaffolds that are systematically faded. Progress monitoring with curriculum-based measures and data-based decision making closes the loop.
Behavior and technology
Positive behavioral interventions and supports begin with prevention at the schoolwide level. When behavior impedes learning, a functional behavioral assessment identifies the function (escape, attention, tangibles, sensory) and the behavior intervention plan teaches a functionally equivalent replacement skill. Assistive technology, both devices and services, must be considered for every student with an IEP.
Traps to watch
The most common error is confusing accommodations with modifications. Accommodations change how a student accesses or demonstrates learning without altering expectations (extended time, oral administration, preferential seating). Modifications change what is expected (shortened assignment, reduced grade-level content, alternate assessment), which can affect diploma pathways. Also watch for items equating a behavior plan with punishment, or assuming assistive technology means only high-tech devices.
Rule of thumb and example
Ask: does this change what the student must learn, or only how they show it? Reading a science test aloud is an accommodation; reducing the number of items while keeping the same construct tests the same skill with less evidence, and cutting the content standards is a modification.