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CSLB Professional Challenge: Cadastral Law study materials
CSLB Professional Challenge: Cadastral Law study resources

CSLB Professional Challenge: Cadastral Law practice questions

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Question 1U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

A standard township in the U.S. Public Land Survey System is divided into how many sections?

  1. 16
  2. 24
  3. 32
  4. 36 Correct answer.

Explanation

A township is a tract six miles square that is subdivided into a grid of sections one mile square, giving 36 sections per township. The grid is six sections wide and six sections deep, for a total of 36.

Question 2U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

A regular section of a township contains how many acres?

  1. 640 Correct answer.
  2. 1,280
  3. 320
  4. 160

Explanation

A section is nominally one mile square, and one square mile contains 640 acres. All aliquot-part acreages in the system are derived from this 640-acre base.

Question 3U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

Each side of a standard township measures how many miles?

  1. 12 miles
  2. 6 miles Correct answer.
  3. 1 mile
  4. 3 miles

Explanation

The township is the six-mile-square unit of the rectangular system, containing 36 one-mile-square sections. Its boundaries therefore run six miles on each of the four sides.

Question 4U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

Which section lies in the northeast corner of a standard township?

  1. 1 Correct answer.
  2. 31
  3. 36
  4. 6

Explanation

Section numbering begins with section 1 in the northeast corner and proceeds west across the north tier, then snakes back east and west through the remaining tiers. The northeast corner is therefore always section 1.

Question 5U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

In the designation T3N, R4W, what does the letter N signify?

  1. The township lies north of the principal meridian
  2. The township lies north of the base line Correct answer.
  3. The township's north boundary is a standard parallel
  4. The township is in the north tier of a 24-mile tract

Explanation

Township numbers are counted north and south from the base line, so T3N is the third township tier north of that line. East-west position is expressed separately in the range designation, which is counted from the principal meridian.

Question 6U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

A quarter-quarter section contains how many acres?

  1. 80
  2. 20
  3. 160
  4. 40 Correct answer.

Explanation

Halving a 640-acre section gives 320, halving again gives a 160-acre quarter section, and one more halving gives a 40-acre quarter-quarter section. Each successive halving divides the acreage by two.

Question 7U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

Section 6 of a township occupies which corner of the township?

  1. Southwest
  2. Northwest Correct answer.
  3. Northeast
  4. Southeast

Explanation

The first tier of numbering runs west from section 1 at the northeast corner, placing section 6 at the northwest corner. Numbering then drops south and reverses direction in each succeeding tier.

Question 8U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

Standard parallels, also called correction lines, are normally established at what interval north and south of the base line?

  1. 12 miles
  2. 24 miles Correct answer.
  3. 1 mile
  4. 6 miles

Explanation

Standard parallels are run east and west at 24-mile intervals to absorb the convergence of meridians and keep townships from becoming badly distorted. Guide meridians at the same interval close the 24-mile tracts.

Question 9U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

Lines that run north and south and form the east and west boundaries of townships are called:

  1. Base lines
  2. Range lines Correct answer.
  3. Standard parallels
  4. Township lines

Explanation

Range lines run north and south and bound townships on the east and west, and ranges are counted from the principal meridian along them. Township lines, by contrast, run east and west.

Question 10U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

A deed describes the East 1/2 of the Southwest 1/4 of the Northeast 1/4 of Section 14. How many acres does the tract contain?

  1. 20 Correct answer.
  2. 10
  3. 40
  4. 80

Explanation

Read the calls from the smallest unit outward: the Northeast quarter is 160 acres, its Southwest quarter is 40 acres, and the East half of that is 20 acres. Each call halves the preceding area.

Question 11U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

In a regular section, the quarter-section corner on a section line normally lies how many chains from each adjacent section corner?

  1. 80 chains
  2. 20 chains
  3. 60 chains
  4. 40 chains Correct answer.

Explanation

A section line is one mile, or 80 chains, long, and the quarter-section corner is set at its midpoint for a regular section. That places it 40 chains from each section corner.

Question 12U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

A section corner inside a township is lost, and the nearest identified section corners exist both north-south and east-west of it. How is the corner reestablished?

  1. Single proportionate in both directions, then intersect the lines Correct answer.
  2. Record bearing and distance from the southwest corner
  3. Extending the section lines inward from the township boundary
  4. Double proportionate measurement between the four nearest corners

Explanation

An interior section corner is restored by running single proportionate measurement along the north-south line between the nearest identified corners and again along the east-west line, then intersecting the two computed positions. The intersection, not either line alone, fixes the corner.

Question 13U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

In proportionate measurement, the ratio used to locate a lost corner is based on:

  1. The acreage shown on the original plat
  2. Record distances from the original survey Correct answer.
  3. Measured distances between the found corners
  4. The average of record and measured distances

Explanation

The method divides the measured distance between the identified corners in the same ratio as the record distances shown on the original plat. Record distances supply the proportion; the field measurement supplies the length to be divided.

Question 14U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

A survey line closes upon an already established standard parallel at a point that is not the record distance from the preceding corner. The corner set at that intersection is called a:

  1. Meander corner
  2. Closing corner Correct answer.
  3. Witness corner
  4. Reference corner

Explanation

A closing corner is set where a line closes on a previously established line, and the actual distance run is recorded as excess or deficiency rather than forced to the record distance. It takes its position from the intersection, not from the record measurement.

Question 15U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

A corner monument is set at a computed offset from the true corner location, with the bearing and distance to the true corner recorded in the field notes. Such a monument is a:

  1. Closing corner
  2. Bearing tree
  3. Witness corner Correct answer.
  4. Meander corner

Explanation

A witness corner is placed at a recorded bearing and distance from a corner that cannot itself be occupied or monumented, so the true corner can later be located from the witness. The offset must be recorded for the witness to serve its purpose.

Question 16U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

A surveyor finds an original GLO monument standing at a section corner, but measurement places it 1.2 feet from where proportionate measurement would put it. The surveyor should:

  1. Average the monument position with the proportionate position
  2. Report the monument as lost
  3. Reject the monument and set a new corner by proportion
  4. Hold the original monument as the corner Correct answer.

Explanation

An original monument is the best available evidence of the corner and controls over positions computed by proportionate measurement. The discrepancy is noted in the record, but the monument is held and the adjoining lines are adjusted rather than the corner moved.

Question 17U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

The meander line run along a body of water in the public land surveys is best described as:

  1. a line that approximates the water's edge for lot area Correct answer.
  2. a line controlling the location of offshore section corners
  3. a correction line offsetting meridian convergence
  4. the legal boundary of the upland owner's title

Explanation

Meander lines are run to approximate the water's edge so the areas of fractional lots along the shore can be computed and shown on the plat. They do not fix the legal boundary of title, and they do not control the position of corners on dry land.

Question 18U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

In a fractional section, government lots are numbered beginning at which corner of the section?

  1. Northeast Correct answer.
  2. Northwest
  3. Southeast
  4. Southwest

Explanation

Lot numbering in a fractional section begins at the northeast corner of the section, generally proceeding north to south and then east to west. The lots take the acreage shown by the record distances on the plat.

Question 19U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

A quarter-section corner is lost, but the two section corners at each end of the same section line are identified. The quarter corner is restored by:

  1. Double proportionate measurement using all four surrounding corners
  2. Single proportionate along the section line between them Correct answer.
  3. Setting it at the measured midpoint regardless of the record
  4. Record bearing and distance from the nearest section corner

Explanation

With both section corners identified, the lost quarter corner is restored by single proportionate measurement along that section line. The measured distance is divided in the ratio of the record distances shown on the original plat.

Question 20U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

The corner common to the four quarter sections of a regular section, at the center of the section, is established by:

  1. Double proportionate measurement from township corners
  2. Intersecting lines between opposite quarter corners Correct answer.
  3. Proportioning between the section corners on the north line
  4. The intersection of the diagonals of the section

Explanation

In a regular section the center corner is fixed by straight lines joining the opposite quarter-section corners; where those lines cross is the corner common to the four quarter sections. The diagonals of the section connect section corners and are not used for this purpose.

Question 21U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

A township corner common to four townships is lost, with identified corners controlling along both the township line and the range line. The corner is restored by:

  1. Single proportionate measurement along the township line only
  2. Double proportionate measurement Correct answer.
  3. Record bearing and distance from the nearest standard corner
  4. Single proportionate measurement along the range line only

Explanation

A lost corner common to four townships is restored by double proportionate measurement, using identified corners in both the north-south and east-west directions. Controlling in only one direction would ignore the position evidence along the other line.

Question 22U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

A closing corner on a standard parallel is lost, but the nearest identified corner on the section line is available. How is the lost closing corner restored?

  1. Intersecting the section line with the standard parallel Correct answer.
  2. Double proportionate measurement between township corners
  3. Proportioning between the two nearest standard corners along the parallel
  4. Measuring the record distance along the standard parallel

Explanation

A lost closing corner is restored by running the line from the nearest identified corner on the section line to its intersection with the previously established line, such as the standard parallel. The distance along the section line is computed proportionately from the record, and the corner is set at the intersection.

Question 23U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

A lost standard corner lies between two identified standard corners. The record distances are 40.00 chains from the west corner to the lost position and 40.10 chains from the lost position to the east corner, while the measured distance between the identified corners is 80.30 chains. How far from the western identified corner is the restored corner?

  1. 40.00 chains
  2. 40.10 chains Correct answer.
  3. 39.90 chains
  4. 40.20 chains

Explanation

Apply the record ratio to the measured distance: 40.00 divided by 80.10, multiplied by 80.30, equals about 40.10 chains. The measured excess of 0.20 chain is apportioned in the same ratio as the record distances.

Question 24U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

A lost corner at the end of a line has only one identified corner remaining to control it, the other controlling corner being beyond recovery. The proper treatment is to:

  1. Use record bearing and distance from the identified corner Correct answer.
  2. Abandon the corner and note it on the plat
  3. Set the corner by double proportionate measurement
  4. Proportion between the nearest corners in the adjacent township

Explanation

Proportionate measurement requires a pair of identified corners on the same line to establish a ratio. When only one identified corner controls the line, the lost corner is reestablished at the record bearing and distance from that corner.

Question 25U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

A section corner monument is missing, but the original bearing trees recorded in the field notes are found and their recorded bearings intersect at the corner point. The corner should be:

  1. Treated as lost and restored by double proportionate measurement
  2. Treated as obliterated and set at the bearing-tree position Correct answer.
  3. Left unmonumented until the original monument is found
  4. Treated as lost and restored by single proportionate measurement

Explanation

A corner whose position can be recovered from evidence such as bearing trees is obliterated rather than lost. It is re-monumented at the recovered position, and proportionate measurement is not used because the position is already known.

Question 26U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

In the Public Land Survey System, the point established by the intersection of a principal meridian and its base line is called the:

  1. initial point Correct answer.
  2. closing corner
  3. standard corner
  4. meander corner

Explanation

The intersection of a principal meridian and its base line is the initial point, the origin from which those lines are extended and from which townships and ranges are counted. Standard, closing, and meander corners are all established later during subdivision or along special lines.

Question 27U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

In the Public Land Survey System, ranges are numbered in which manner?

  1. north and south from the nearest correction line
  2. north and south from the base line
  3. east and west from the nearest standard parallel
  4. east and west from the principal meridian Correct answer.

Explanation

Ranges are columns of townships counted east and west from the principal meridian, while townships are rows counted north and south from the base line. Standard parallels and correction lines are east-west control lines and do not serve as the axis for numbering ranges.

Question 28U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

A regular township in the Public Land Survey System contains how many sections?

  1. 42 sections
  2. 24 sections
  3. 36 sections Correct answer.
  4. 30 sections

Explanation

A township is nominally six miles square and is divided into 36 sections, each about one mile square and containing 640 acres. The 6-by-6 arrangement yields 36 sections, not 24, 30, or 42.

Question 29U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

In a regularly numbered township, Section 36 is located at which corner of the township?

  1. the southwest corner
  2. the northeast corner
  3. the northwest corner
  4. the southeast corner Correct answer.

Explanation

Section numbering starts with Section 1 at the northeast corner and runs west, then serpentines east and west through the rows. The last row runs from Section 31 in the southwest to Section 36 in the southeast corner.

Question 30U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

Guide meridians in the Public Land Survey System are best described as:

  1. lines run along river banks to define the limits of fractional lots
  2. north-south lines set about 24 miles east and west of the principal meridian Correct answer.
  3. east-west lines set about 24 miles north and south of the base line
  4. diagonal lines run to close townships along navigable water boundaries

Explanation

Guide meridians are cardinal north-south lines established at roughly 24-mile intervals east and west of the principal meridian to limit the effect of meridian convergence. The east-west counterparts at the same spacing are standard parallels, also called correction lines.

Question 31U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

When a township closes with excess or deficiency in measurement, that excess or deficiency is normally absorbed:

  1. in the sections of the south and east tiers
  2. in the sections of the north and west tiers Correct answer.
  3. equally among all 36 sections
  4. in the fractional lots along the meander line

Explanation

The north and west tiers are the last sections surveyed in a township, so any excess or deficiency is placed there to keep the south and east sections regular. This is why the north and west tiers are often fractional.

Question 32U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

A corner whose monument is gone but whose original position can still be recovered from remaining evidence such as pits, mounds, or bearing trees is classified as:

  1. a closing corner
  2. an obliterated corner Correct answer.
  3. a lost corner
  4. a standard corner

Explanation

An obliterated corner is one whose monument no longer exists but whose original position can be recovered from evidence of the original location, such as pits, mounds, bearing trees, or accessories. A lost corner, by contrast, has no such evidence and must be restored by proportionate measurement.

Question 33U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

In a township, fractional lots are most commonly created along which boundaries?

  1. the east and west boundaries
  2. the north and west boundaries Correct answer.
  3. the south and east boundaries
  4. the south and west boundaries

Explanation

Because meridians converge, the north boundary of a township is shorter than the south boundary, and offsets at standard parallels affect the west side. The resulting fractional lots therefore occur along the north and west tiers of sections.

Question 34U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

A meander corner is established at:

  1. the center of a section where the quarter-section lines intersect
  2. the point where a surveyed line meets the bank of a meanderable body of water Correct answer.
  3. the point where a township line crosses a standard parallel or correction line
  4. the intersection of a principal meridian with its base line

Explanation

Meander corners are set where surveyed lines intersect the bank of a meanderable body of water. The meander line itself follows the water boundary and is not the legal boundary of the fractional subdivision.

Question 35U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

A section corner is lost. Identified corners exist along the north-south section line through it, but none exist to the east or west. The corner should be reestablished:

  1. by proportion north-south and by record bearing east-west Correct answer.
  2. at the record distances measured from the nearest identified corners
  3. at the intersection of diagonals between opposite township corners
  4. by proportion in both directions from the township corners

Explanation

When controlling corners exist in only one direction, the corner is located by single proportionate measurement along that line, and its position in the other direction is held by record bearing and distance from the nearest controlling corner. Proportioning in both directions would require identified corners on two intersecting lines.

Question 36U.S. Public Land Survey System: principles of subdivision, section breakdown, and restoration of lost corners

Which section lies closest to the initial point in Township 1 North, Range 1 East?

  1. Section 1
  2. Section 36
  3. Section 31 Correct answer.
  4. Section 6

Explanation

Township 1 North, Range 1 East lies northeast of the initial point, so its southwest corner coincides with the initial point. In a regularly numbered township the southwest corner is occupied by Section 31.

Question 37Boundary evidence and rules of construction: hierarchy of evidence, monuments, courses and distances, area, and original vs. subsequent surveys

In a deed description, which call is generally given the highest dignity when it conflicts with the others?

  1. A statement of area
  2. A course and distance call
  3. A natural monument such as a river or ancient tree Correct answer.
  4. An artificial monument such as an iron pipe

Explanation

The traditional hierarchy ranks natural monuments highest, followed by artificial monuments, then courses and distances, and finally area. This order reflects the greater reliability of physical objects on the ground compared with written measurements.

Question 38Boundary evidence and rules of construction: hierarchy of evidence, monuments, courses and distances, area, and original vs. subsequent surveys

Which element of a deed description is ordinarily given the least weight in a boundary conflict?

  1. A call for a distance
  2. A call for a course
  3. A call for an artificial monument
  4. A statement of area Correct answer.

Explanation

Area is generally the weakest element of a description. Monuments, courses, and distances all rank above a recited acreage figure.

Question 39Boundary evidence and rules of construction: hierarchy of evidence, monuments, courses and distances, area, and original vs. subsequent surveys

A deed runs 'from the iron pin to the large oak tree, a distance of 100 feet.' The oak tree is found 92 feet from the iron pin. Which controls the location of the corner?

  1. The 100-foot distance
  2. The nearest section corner
  3. A proportionate point 96 feet away
  4. The large oak tree Correct answer.

Explanation

A call for a monument controls over a conflicting distance call. The tree is the monument called for, so it marks the corner even though the stated distance differs.

Question 40Boundary evidence and rules of construction: hierarchy of evidence, monuments, courses and distances, area, and original vs. subsequent surveys

In retracing a boundary created by an original government survey, the retracement surveyor should primarily:

  1. Use only the deed's area calls
  2. Establish new corners at convenient locations
  3. Follow the original survey's footsteps and evidence Correct answer.
  4. Correct obvious errors by moving original corners

Explanation

A retracement survey seeks to locate the original survey's boundaries, not to create new ones. Original corners and other evidence of the original survey are followed and perpetuated.

Question 41Boundary evidence and rules of construction: hierarchy of evidence, monuments, courses and distances, area, and original vs. subsequent surveys

In boundary law, a monument is best described as:

  1. A recorded subdivision map
  2. A physical object or mark evidencing a boundary Correct answer.
  3. An acreage figure in a tax bill
  4. A written distance or bearing recited in a deed

Explanation

A monument is a physical object or mark on the ground that evidences a boundary corner or line. It may be natural, such as a tree or stream, or artificial, such as an iron pipe.

Question 42Boundary evidence and rules of construction: hierarchy of evidence, monuments, courses and distances, area, and original vs. subsequent surveys

When a deed's course and its distance conflict and no monument is available, which ordinarily controls?

  1. The distance
  2. The area
  3. The course Correct answer.
  4. The tax assessor's parcel map

Explanation

Courses are considered more reliable than distances, so distances yield to courses when no monument controls. Area is the weakest element and does not resolve the conflict.

Question 43Boundary evidence and rules of construction: hierarchy of evidence, monuments, courses and distances, area, and original vs. subsequent surveys

A subsequent survey of land already described in a deed may properly:

  1. Disregard original corners if they are inconvenient
  2. Move an original monument to fit the deed distance
  3. Replace the original survey with a more accurate modern measurement
  4. Locate and perpetuate the original boundary evidence Correct answer.

Explanation

A subsequent or retracement survey identifies and preserves the original boundary evidence. It does not relocate original monuments merely because modern measurements differ.

Question 44Boundary evidence and rules of construction: hierarchy of evidence, monuments, courses and distances, area, and original vs. subsequent surveys

A deed describes a boundary as running 'to the land of Adams, thence along Adams' line.' The call for Adams' land is generally treated as:

  1. A course call only
  2. A statement of area
  3. A mere expression of intention with no effect
  4. A monument call that may control over distance Correct answer.

Explanation

A call for an adjoining owner's land is a call for an adjoiner, which functions as a monument. It may control over a conflicting distance because it identifies a fixed boundary on the ground.

Question 45Boundary evidence and rules of construction: hierarchy of evidence, monuments, courses and distances, area, and original vs. subsequent surveys

A deed calls for 'the bank of the creek' but also gives a distance that ends 15 feet short of the bank. Which call controls?

  1. The centerline of the deed's overall parcel
  2. The stated distance, because it is more precise
  3. The bank of the creek, as a natural monument Correct answer.
  4. The area recited in the deed

Explanation

Natural monuments such as a creek bank control over courses, distances, and area. The distance yields to the natural monument.

Question 46Boundary evidence and rules of construction: hierarchy of evidence, monuments, courses and distances, area, and original vs. subsequent surveys

A metes-and-bounds deed contains a bearing of North 45 degrees East and a distance of 200 feet, but the bearing and distance cannot both be satisfied. With no monument control, which call prevails?

  1. The bearing Correct answer.
  2. The acreage statement
  3. The adjoining owner's fence line
  4. The 200-foot distance

Explanation

Among the inferior calls, courses control distances. A bearing is a course call and prevails over a conflicting distance when no monument is available.

Question 47Boundary evidence and rules of construction: hierarchy of evidence, monuments, courses and distances, area, and original vs. subsequent surveys

A deed conveys 'Lot 12 as shown on the recorded Maple Subdivision map, containing 1.5 acres.' The map shows Lot 12 contains 1.8 acres. Which controls the boundaries?

  1. The 1.5-acre area statement
  2. The county assessor's acreage figure
  3. The lot as shown on the recorded map Correct answer.
  4. A new survey dividing the difference

Explanation

When a lot is conveyed by reference to a recorded map, the map controls the boundaries. A conflicting acreage statement is subordinate and yields to the map.

Question 48Boundary evidence and rules of construction: hierarchy of evidence, monuments, courses and distances, area, and original vs. subsequent surveys

When an original survey monument is found undisturbed at a corner, the law generally presumes that it:

  1. Has no evidentiary value
  2. Marks the true corner unless overcome by clear evidence Correct answer.
  3. Must be moved to the record distance
  4. Is unreliable because it is old

Explanation

An undisturbed original monument is strong evidence of the original corner and is presumed to mark it. The presumption can be overcome only by clear and convincing evidence to the contrary.

Question 49Boundary evidence and rules of construction: hierarchy of evidence, monuments, courses and distances, area, and original vs. subsequent surveys

Two deeds from the same grantor overlap. The first deed was delivered before the second. If the descriptions conflict, which deed generally prevails as to the overlap?

  1. The deed recorded in the county with the larger population
  2. The deed with the larger acreage
  3. The senior deed, delivered first Correct answer.
  4. The junior deed, because it is later

Explanation

Under senior-junior rights, the earlier conveyance prevails over a later conveyance of overlapping land. The junior grantee takes subject to the senior boundary.

Question 50Boundary evidence and rules of construction: hierarchy of evidence, monuments, courses and distances, area, and original vs. subsequent surveys

An original government survey corner is found, but a modern survey using GPS places the corner 2 feet away. In a retracement, which location controls?

  1. The original government survey corner Correct answer.
  2. The average of the two locations
  3. The deed's area call
  4. The location shown by a current GPS unit

Explanation

Original government survey corners are original evidence and are not moved merely because a later survey disagrees. Retracement follows the original survey.