Survey measurement, adjustment and geodetic referencing
Datum and projection
NZGD2000 is New Zealand official geodetic datum, aligned to ITRF and semi-dynamic. NZTM2000 is the Transverse Mercator projection used for cadastral coordinates. Cadastral surveys must reference NZGD2000 and, for Landonline, NZTM2000 coordinates. Coordinates support the survey but do not define the boundary; the marks do.
Accuracy and adjustment
Surveyors observe GNSS or total-station networks, compute misclose, and adjust with least squares. Accuracy classes depend on the survey purpose and the rules; urban cadastral surveys typically need tighter control than rural. Projection scale factor must be applied when reducing ground distances to grid, and geodetic control must be checked.
Worked example
A traverse closes with 0.06 m misclose over 600 m, a ratio of 1:10,000. The surveyor checks the observations, confirms the control, and adjusts the network. The adjusted coordinates are lodged in the CSD, but the boundary is still the set of original marks. If the misclose exceeds the required class, the surveyor must re-observe rather than adjust away the error.
Traps
Treating adjusted coordinates as the legal boundary; ignoring scale factor; mixing NZGD1949 and NZGD2000; using uncontrolled GNSS; and failing to record the adjustment method in the survey report.