NCEA L1 Physical Ed flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Open skill

A skill performed in an unpredictable, changing environment where the performer must adapt to external factors, such as receiving a pass in netball or returning a serve.

Closed skill

A skill performed in a stable, predictable environment where the performer controls the timing, such as a basketball free throw or a gymnastics routine.

Gross motor skill

A skill using large muscle groups to produce big movements, such as running, jumping, or throwing, rather than precise small movements.

Fine motor skill

A skill requiring precise control of small muscle groups, such as a dart throw, a table tennis flick, or a golf putt.

Cognitive stage of learning

The first stage of motor learning where beginners think consciously through the skill, make frequent errors, and need clear demonstration and feedback.

Autonomous stage of learning

The final stage of motor learning where the skill is automatic and consistent, letting the performer focus attention on tactics and the environment.

Massed practice

A practice schedule with long sessions and little or no rest between repetitions, useful for simple skills or building fitness.

Distributed practice

A practice schedule with rest intervals between attempts or sessions, which helps beginners and complex skills because fatigue is reduced.

Knowledge of results

Extrinsic feedback about the outcome of a movement attempt, such as whether a shot went in or how far a jump travelled.

Knowledge of performance

Extrinsic feedback about how a movement was performed, such as a coach describing arm position during a throw.

Skill-related fitness

Fitness components that enhance sports performance: agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time, and speed.

Health-related fitness

Fitness components linked to overall wellbeing: cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition.

FITT principle

A framework for designing training using Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type of activity, then adjusting these variables to progress safely.

Progressive overload

The principle that the body adapts only when training load is gradually increased above habitual levels, without exceeding recovery capacity.

Specificity principle

Training adaptations are specific to the muscles, movements, and energy systems used, so training should match the demands of the target activity.

Reversibility

The principle that fitness gains are lost if training stops, with noticeable detraining effects possible within a few weeks of inactivity.

Agility

The ability to change direction quickly and accurately while maintaining balance and control, combining speed, coordination, and reaction time.

Dynamic balance

Maintaining stability and control while the body is moving, such as staying upright while running and changing direction.

Newton's first law

An object remains at rest or moves in a straight line at constant speed unless an external force acts on it, explaining why runners must force themselves to stop.

Newton's second law

Force equals mass multiplied by acceleration, so a greater force or a smaller mass produces greater acceleration of an object or body.

Newton's third law

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, which is why the ground pushes back on a runner who pushes against it.

First-class lever

A lever where the fulcrum sits between the load and the effort, such as the neck joint when the head is extended against gravity.

Third-class lever

A lever where the effort is applied between the fulcrum and the load, the most common arrangement in the human body, such as a biceps curl.

Concentric contraction

A muscle action where the muscle shortens while producing force, such as the biceps lifting a weight during a curl.

Eccentric contraction

A muscle action where the muscle lengthens while producing force, such as the quadriceps controlling the body as it lowers into a squat.

Isometric contraction

A muscle action where force is produced without a change in muscle length, such as holding a plank position.

Antagonist muscle

The muscle that relaxes and lengthens while the agonist contracts, allowing controlled movement at a joint, such as the triceps during a biceps curl.

Projectile motion

The curved flight path of an object released into the air, shaped by release angle, release speed, and release height.

Socioeconomic barrier

A personal or environmental obstacle to participation arising from cost, such as fees, equipment, transport, or lost income.

Enabler

A factor that increases participation, such as affordable fees, accessible facilities, supportive family, inclusive club culture, or visible role models.

Stereotype in sport

A generalised belief about who should participate in an activity, which can reduce confidence, opportunity, and inclusion for affected groups.

Fair play

Acting honestly and respectfully within the rules of an activity, respecting opponents, officials, and the spirit of the game rather than only the outcome.