NCEA Level 1 Tikanga-ā-Iwi flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Tikanga-ā-Iwi

The customary values, rules and practices of a particular iwi. It is specific to that iwi and is passed on through whakapapa, kōrero and lived practice rather than a single written code.

Whakapapa

Genealogical connection linking a person to ancestors, hapū, iwi, and to the land and water. It establishes identity and the basis of rights and obligations within the iwi.

Hapū

A sub-tribal grouping of related whānau within an iwi. A hapū holds its own mana and responsibilities for particular lands, marae and resources.

Iwi

The largest customary political grouping, made up of related hapū sharing ancestry. Iwi identity is defined by whakapapa and recognised in Treaty and statutory processes.

Whānau

The extended family unit and the basic social group in Māori society. Whānau shares obligations of care, decision-making and support across generations.

Mana

Status, authority and spiritual power held by a person or group. Mana can be inherited and can be increased or diminished by conduct, especially through generosity or its absence.

Manaakitanga

Hospitality and generosity that upholds the mana of both host and guest. It obliges hosts to feed, house and care for visitors and is central to marae protocol.

Tapu

A restricted or sacred state that limits access or behaviour. Tapu protects people, places and resources and is lifted by correct ritual procedure.

Noa

The state of ordinary, unrestricted use that follows the correct lifting of tapu. Whakanoa restores balance so people and places can be used normally again.

Utu

Reciprocity that restores balance between parties. It covers return of hospitality, service or goods, and settlement of obligations, and is not simply retaliation.

Kaitiakitanga

Guardianship of land, water and resources held by tangata whenua. It is a duty of care owed to future generations rather than a right of ownership.

Tangata whenua

The people who hold mana whenua in a particular place through whakapapa. They act as hosts and hold authority over local protocol and resources.

Manuhiri

Visitors or guests who are not tangata whenua of the place. Their role includes following host protocol and contributing to the encounter through koha and speech.

Marae

The communal complex of wharenui, wharekai and open ground where iwi and hapū gather. It is the physical and spiritual centre of local tikanga practice.

Pōwhiri

The formal welcome ritual for manuhiri on a marae. Its stages include wero, karanga, whaikōrero, waiata, hongi and hākari, each governed by local protocol.

Wero

The first stage of pōwhiri, in which a warrior challenges the visitors to establish their intent. It is followed by the call of welcome and the speeches.

Karanga

The high-pitched call exchanged by women of host and visitor groups during pōwhiri. It links the living to the ancestors and marks the crossing into the marae.

Whaikōrero

Formal speech-making on the marae, usually by men, acknowledging the dead, the land and the occasion. Speakers are supported by waiata sung by their group.

Hongi

The pressing of noses and foreheads in greeting, symbolising the sharing of breath. It follows the speeches and songs during a pōwhiri.

Koha

A gift given by visitors, often money today, to acknowledge the hosts' hospitality. It is an expression of reciprocity and is not a fixed entrance fee.

Hui

A formal gathering for discussion and decision-making. Tikanga governs its seating, speaking order, opening and closing, and how decisions are recorded.

Whare whakairo

A carved meeting house representing an ancestor, with the ridgepole as the spine and rafters as ribs. Its structure embodies whakapapa and iwi identity.

Wharekai

The dining house on a marae where food is served and eaten. Food is noa, so eating is kept out of the wharenui to protect its tapu.

Whare tipuna

Another name for the carved meeting house, literally the ancestral house. It is the place for mourning, speeches and sleeping, and carries strict tapu rules.

Rāhui

A temporary restriction placed on an area or resource, often after a death or for conservation. It is lifted by the authority that imposed it once the purpose is met.

Mana whenua

The authority held by a group over a particular territory through whakapapa and long occupation. It grounds rights to speak for and care for that land.

Ahi kā

The kept fires of occupation that demonstrate continuous connection to land. Maintaining ahi kā supports claims to mana whenua over a territory.

Taonga

A treasured thing, including objects, language, waterways and knowledge. Taonga carry obligations of protection and are recognised in the Treaty of Waitangi.

Whakataukī

A proverb used to carry customary knowledge and to support argument in speech. It condenses values such as kinship, guardianship and reciprocity into memorable lines.

Whanaungatanga

The practice of building and maintaining kinship relationships and mutual support. It extends obligations of care beyond blood relatives to those brought into the group.

Rangatiratanga

Chieftainship and the authority of rangatira to lead and decide for their people. It is the term used in the Māori text of the Treaty of Waitangi.

Tino rangatiratanga

Self-determination and full chiefly authority over one's own affairs. It appears in the Māori text of the Treaty and underpins modern claims for autonomy.

Kāwanatanga

Governance or government authority, the term used in the Māori text of the Treaty of Waitangi. It is contrasted with rangatiratanga in Treaty debate.