NCEA Level 2 Health Education flashcards
NCEA Level 2 Health Education · Build recall with a focused review session.
33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Hauora
- A Māori health framework with four interconnected dimensions: taha tinana (physical), taha hinengaro (mental and emotional), taha whānau (social and family) and taha wairua (spiritual). Wellbeing requires all four to be considered together.
- Taha tinana
- The physical dimension of hauora, covering body health, fitness, nutrition, sleep and freedom from illness or injury. It interacts with the other three dimensions rather than standing alone.
- Taha hinengaro
- The mental and emotional dimension of hauora, covering thoughts, feelings, self-esteem and the ability to manage stress and express emotions. It influences and is influenced by physical and social wellbeing.
- Taha whānau
- The social and family dimension of hauora, covering relationships, belonging, care for others and connection to community. Strong whānau support acts as a protective factor for health outcomes.
- Taha wairua
- The spiritual dimension of hauora, covering personal beliefs, values, sense of purpose and connection to identity, culture or ancestry. It can be strong even when physical health is poor.
- Socio-ecological model
- A model explaining health behaviour through five levels: individual, interpersonal, organisational, community and societal or public policy. Determinants at higher levels shape the choices available at lower levels.
- Individual-level determinants
- Personal factors such as knowledge, attitudes, skills, self-efficacy, genetics and prior experience that influence a person's health choices. They are necessary but rarely sufficient on their own to explain outcomes.
- Interpersonal determinants
- Influences from family, friends, peers and role models, including social norms, pressure, support and modelling of behaviour. Peer influence is strongest where belonging is highly valued by the individual.
- Societal determinants
- Public policy, law, media, cultural norms and economic conditions that shape health opportunities across a whole population. Examples include alcohol sale laws, advertising rules and income support settings.
- Determinant of health
- A factor that influences the likelihood of a health outcome. It must be linked to the outcome by a described pathway, not merely correlated, to be used in a health analysis.
- Protective factor
- A condition or resource that reduces the chance of a negative health outcome, such as strong family support, school belonging, problem-solving skills or access to health services. Protective factors can buffer high risk.
- Risk factor
- A condition that increases the likelihood of a negative health outcome, such as easy access to alcohol, bullying, low income or poor role models. Risk factors interact cumulatively rather than acting separately.
- Resilience
- The capacity to cope with adversity, adapt and recover from setbacks. It is built through supportive relationships, competence and experience of overcoming difficulty, not a fixed personal trait.
- Attitudes
- A settled way of thinking or feeling about a person, issue or behaviour, expressed through beliefs and emotional responses. Attitudes predict behaviour best when they are strong, stable and personally relevant.
- Values
- Deeply held principles about what is important or desirable, such as honesty, loyalty, fairness or health. Values guide judgement and can conflict, producing difficult health decisions.
- Thinking, feeling, behaving
- The three components of an attitude: what a person believes, how they feel, and how they act. Consistency across all three indicates a strongly held and internalised value.
- Health-enhancing decision-making
- A structured process: identify the decision and options, gather reliable information, weigh consequences for self and others, check values and law, act, then evaluate the result.
- Consequence analysis
- Predicting short-term and long-term outcomes of each option for the person and for others, across all four hauora dimensions. It strengthens decision-making beyond immediate feelings.
- Nature and extent
- The description of a health issue: what it is, who it affects, how many people, which groups are over-represented, and how it has changed over time. It frames the analysis before determinants are explained.
- Health issue
- A pattern of health or behaviour that causes significant harm or concern for a group or population, such as binge drinking, vaping, bullying or poor sleep. It is analysed rather than simply described.
- Effective strategy criteria
- A strategy is effective when it addresses a specific identified determinant, is accessible and culturally appropriate for the target group, is sustainable, and can be evaluated against measurable outcomes.
- Health promotion
- Action that enables people to increase control over and improve their health, through education, supportive environments, policy and community action. It targets determinants, not just individual choices.
- Cultural appropriateness
- The fit between a health strategy and the values, language, beliefs and practices of the group it targets. It increases engagement and reduces the risk of harm or exclusion.
- Stigma
- A social mark of disapproval that leads to exclusion or discrimination, often around mental health, sexuality or addiction. Stigma reduces help-seeking and is a barrier to effective health action.
- Help-seeking behaviour
- The action of asking for support from friends, family, school staff or health professionals. It is predicted by trust, perceived access, confidentiality and the level of stigma attached to the issue.
- Mental health
- A state of wellbeing in which a person can cope with normal stresses, work productively and contribute to their community. It is distinct from the presence or absence of a mental illness diagnosis.
- Binge drinking
- Consuming a large amount of alcohol in a short period, typically four or more standard drinks for women and five or more for men in one session. It is a major risk factor for injury and harm.
- Standard drink
- A unit used to measure alcohol intake, containing 10 grams of pure alcohol in New Zealand. It allows different drinks to be compared when assessing risk or describing drinking behaviour.
- Social norms
- Shared expectations within a group about acceptable behaviour. Young people commonly overestimate how much their peers drink or vape, and correcting that misperception can change behaviour.
- Media influence
- The shaping of attitudes and behaviour through advertising, entertainment and social media content. It operates as a societal determinant by normalising or discouraging particular health behaviours.
- Access and equity
- The degree to which all groups can reach health services, information and opportunities, regardless of income, location, culture or disability. Unequal access produces inequitable health outcomes.
- Health inequity
- A difference in health outcomes between groups that is avoidable and unfair, arising from unequal determinants such as income, housing or discrimination. It differs from natural biological variation.
- Evaluation
- Judging a health strategy against its stated aims using evidence such as participation, behaviour change or feedback. It determines whether the strategy worked and how it could be improved.