NCEA Level 3 Health flashcards
NCEA Level 3 Health · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Socio-ecological model
- A framework describing health as shaped by interacting individual, interpersonal, organisational, community and public-policy levels. Interventions are stronger when they act at several levels at once.
- Determinants of health
- The personal, social, economic, cultural and environmental conditions that influence health status. They are commonly split into modifiable factors and structural or non-modifiable factors.
- Health promotion definition
- The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It differs from health education, which mainly builds knowledge, and from clinical treatment.
- Ottawa Charter action areas
- Five strategies: build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community action, develop personal skills, and reorient health services. They guide planned health-promoting action.
- Te Whare Tapa Whā
- A Māori health model using four walls: taha wairua, taha hinengaro, taha tinana and taha whānau. The walls are interdependent, so weakness in one affects overall wellbeing.
- Fonofale model
- A Pacific health framework using a fale (house) metaphor: family foundation, culture and spirituality posts, and a roof of context including time, environment and politics.
- Whanaungatanga
- A Māori value describing kinship and relational connectedness. It functions as a protective factor because strong relationships support identity, belonging and help-seeking.
- Manaakitanga
- A Māori value of care, hospitality and respect for others' mana. In health practice it shapes how services treat people and whānau, supporting culturally safe engagement.
- Te Tiriti principles in health
- Partnership, participation and protection. They require health services and researchers to share decision-making with Māori and to actively protect Māori health outcomes and cultural values.
- Kaupapa Māori approach
- Research and health practice centred on Māori worldviews, values and self-determination, with Māori controlling the process. It treats mātauranga Māori as valid knowledge rather than an addition.
- Health inequity
- Differences in health status that are avoidable, unfair and unjust, arising from structural conditions rather than biology. Equity action targets those structural causes, not just individual choices.
- Health inequality
- A measurable difference in health status between groups, such as by ethnicity, income or region. An inequality becomes an inequity when the difference is avoidable and unfair.
- Protective factors
- Conditions or attributes that reduce the likelihood of harm, such as secure cultural identity, family connectedness and access to services. They buffer the effect of risk factors.
- Risk factors
- Conditions or behaviours that increase the likelihood of poor health outcomes, such as poverty, bullying, or easy access to alcohol. They interact with protective factors rather than acting alone.
- SMART objectives
- Objectives stated as Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time-bound. They make a health-promotion plan testable and allow later evaluation against agreed indicators.
- Process evaluation
- Evaluation asking whether the planned activities were delivered as intended: reach, fidelity, participation and quality. It does not by itself show whether health outcomes changed.
- Impact evaluation
- Evaluation of short- and medium-term changes in knowledge, attitudes, skills or behaviour that the programme was designed to influence. It sits between process and outcome evaluation.
- Outcome evaluation
- Evaluation of longer-term changes in health status or quality of life, such as reduced injury rates or improved wellbeing. It requires baseline data and enough time to detect change.
- Health literacy
- The skills needed to find, understand, judge and use health information to make decisions. Low health literacy is a modifiable barrier to accessing services and following treatment.
- Cultural safety
- Practice in which the person receiving care experiences respect and safety in relation to their culture and identity. The recipient, not the practitioner, judges whether care is culturally safe.
- Advocacy in health
- Action taken to influence decisions, policy or resource allocation on behalf of or alongside a group. It is a public-policy strategy under the Ottawa Charter.
- Intersectoral action
- Collaboration across sectors such as health, education, housing and transport to address shared determinants. It is necessary because most determinants sit outside the health system.
- Correlation versus causation
- Correlation means two measures vary together; causation means one produces change in the other. Confounders and reverse causation must be ruled out before claiming cause.
- Age-standardisation
- A statistical adjustment removing the effect of differing age structures between populations. It allows fair comparison of rates such as Māori and non-Māori mortality.
- Informed consent
- Agreement given after a person understands the purpose, procedures, risks and right to withdraw. It is a core ethical requirement in health research and data collection.
- Confidentiality
- The ethical and legal duty to protect personal health information from unauthorised disclosure. Exceptions are limited and defined, such as serious risk to safety.
- Social connectedness
- The sense of belonging and positive relationships a person has with others and their community. It is a strong protective factor for mental health and health behaviour.
- Health-enhancing physical activity
- Activity that raises energy expenditure and supports health, including aerobic, resistance and balance work. Guidelines specify frequency, duration and intensity by age group.
- Sleep as a health determinant
- Sleep duration and quality influence mood, learning, immunity and metabolic health. It is modifiable and interacts with screen time, caffeine, stress and shift work.
- Harm reduction
- A pragmatic approach that reduces the harms of a behaviour without requiring abstinence, such as needle exchange or drink-driving limits. It aims at measurable risk reduction.
- Resilience
- The capacity to adapt and recover in the face of adversity. It is supported by protective factors such as relationships, skills and cultural identity rather than being fixed.
- Equity-focused intervention
- An action deliberately directed at groups experiencing avoidable disadvantage, such as targeted services or universal programmes with tailored support. It aims to close the gap, not just raise the average.