Powers, use of force and lawful restraint
This domain tests the legal limits on force. Crowd controllers have no Police powers; every use of force must have a lawful source and be necessary and proportionate.
Lawful authority
Possible sources include the occupier's authority to refuse entry or remove a trespasser using reasonable force; self-defence or defence of others under section 48 of the Crimes Act 1961; defence of property in limited circumstances; and citizen's arrest under section 35 of the Crimes Act 1961 for certain offences, followed promptly by Police. Restraint is not punishment. It is a last resort to prevent imminent harm or to hold a person for Police where lawful.
Using force
Ask, advise, then act. Use minimum force, for no longer than necessary, and reassess continuously. Avoid prone restraint and pressure on the neck or chest; positional asphyxia can kill. Get medical help early. Record the incident, witnesses, force used and injuries. Handcuffs or other equipment only if trained, authorised and justified.
Worked example
A drunk patron refuses to leave and swings at a controller. The controller blocks, calls for help, uses a guide-away hold to move them to the door, and releases when they calm. Police are called because of the assault. The controller does not punch back or restrain them on the ground for ten minutes.
Traps
Using force to teach a lesson; restraining for convenience; neck holds; not calling an ambulance; not reporting; assuming a COA authorises force.