OAE APK Primary Education flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Zone of proximal development

Vygotsky's term for the gap between what a learner can do independently and what the learner can do with guidance from a more capable person.

Scaffolding

Temporary support provided within the zone of proximal development that is gradually withdrawn as the learner gains competence and independence.

Piaget's concrete operational stage

Ages roughly 7 to 11, when children gain conservation, classification, and reversibility, and can reason logically about concrete but not abstract situations.

Erikson industry vs inferiority

The school-age psychosocial task in which children develop competence through successful work; repeated failure or criticism can produce feelings of inferiority.

Kohlberg conventional morality

Reasoning based on social approval and maintaining rules or authority, typical of older elementary students who focus on being good and following the law.

Maslow's hierarchy

A motivational framework in which physiological, safety, belonging, and esteem needs are generally met before self-actualization can occur.

Operant conditioning

Skinner's learning principle that behavior is shaped by consequences, including positive and negative reinforcement, extinction, and punishment.

Least restrictive environment

An IDEA requirement that students with disabilities be educated with nondisabled peers to the maximum extent appropriate, with removal only when necessary.

Formative assessment

Ongoing checks during instruction that reveal student understanding and are used to adjust teaching before a summative judgment is made.

Summative assessment

An end-of-unit or end-of-course measure used to judge achievement against standards, often reported as a grade or score.

Validity vs reliability

Validity means an assessment measures what it claims; reliability means it yields consistent results. A test can be reliable but invalid, not the reverse.

Criterion-referenced assessment

An assessment that compares a student's performance to a defined standard or learning objective rather than to the performance of other students.

Norm-referenced assessment

An assessment that interprets a student's score relative to a comparison group, often reported as percentile ranks or stanines.

Backward design

A planning approach that identifies desired results and acceptable evidence before designing learning experiences and instruction.

Bloom's revised taxonomy

A hierarchy of cognitive processes ordered as remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, and create, with higher levels building on lower ones.

Differentiation

Modifying content, process, or product in response to students' readiness, interests, and learning profiles while holding expectations for learning high.

Accommodation vs modification

An accommodation changes how a student accesses or demonstrates learning; a modification changes what the student is expected to learn or the standard.

Direct instruction model

A structured lesson sequence of review, objective, small-step presentation, guided practice, independent practice, and periodic review.

Cooperative learning essentials

Positive interdependence, individual accountability, face-to-face interaction, and group processing, which distinguish structured cooperative learning from unstructured group work.

Mandated reporter

A professional legally required to report suspected child abuse or neglect to the designated agency promptly; notifying a supervisor does not fulfill the duty.

FERPA

A federal law protecting education records that gives parents rights to inspect and amend records and limits disclosure of student information.

IEP team members

Typically the parent, general education teacher, special education teacher, district representative, someone who can interpret evaluations, and the student when appropriate.

Fair use in instruction

A limited copyright exception weighing purpose, nature of the work, amount used, and market effect; consumable workbooks may not be reproduced.

Professional boundaries

Maintaining appropriate, documented relationships with students and families and avoiding dual relationships that could compromise objectivity or trust.

Duty of supervision

The legal responsibility to monitor students at all times, maintain a safe environment, and document incidents to reduce liability.

Section 504

A civil rights law requiring accommodations for students with disabilities that substantially limit a major life activity, without requiring an IEP.

Constructed response structure

A brief claim, supporting evidence and reasoning, and a conclusion that answers every part of the prompt and ties back to it.

Directive verbs

Words such as explain, compare, analyze, and justify that specify the cognitive task and the number of parts a response must address.

Evidence in constructed responses

Specific, concrete examples from the scenario or classroom practice that support each claim and earn credit on a rubric.

Rationale requirement

Explaining the research principle or reasoning behind a chosen strategy, which rubrics typically reward more than listing actions alone.

Time allocation in essays

Budgeting writing time in proportion to point value, outlining briefly, and reserving a few minutes to check completeness and clarity.

Rubric alignment

Anticipating scoring criteria such as content accuracy, application to the scenario, organization, and clarity, and shaping the response to match them.