OAE Biology study plan

Build a one-page reference sheet mapping each organelle to its function and to one experimental technique used to study it.

Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure by listing five structural differences and explaining the functional consequence of each.

Draw and label the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane, then annotate three transport mechanisms (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport) with a worked example of each.

Explain how surface-area-to-volume ratio constrains cell size, using a numerical example with two cube dimensions.

Trace the flow of energy through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, naming the location, inputs, and outputs of each stage.

Contrast photosynthesis light reactions and the Calvin cycle by identifying where each occurs and what each produces.

Describe enzyme kinetics in terms of substrate concentration, temperature, pH, and competitive versus noncompetitive inhibition, and predict the effect of changing each variable.

Explain the roles of ATP, NADH, and FADH2 in coupling exergonic and endergonic reactions.

Model the stages of mitosis and meiosis, and identify the point in each where chromosome number changes.

Describe DNA replication, transcription, and translation in sequence, naming the enzymes and the direction of synthesis at each step.

Predict the protein-level consequence of a point mutation, frameshift, and nonsense mutation given a short coding sequence.

Solve Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, including cases with incomplete dominance and codominance.

Explain the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, list its five conditions, and calculate allele and genotype frequencies from sample data.

Distinguish the mechanisms of evolution (natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, nonrandom mating) and give a scenario for each.

Interpret a phylogenetic tree, identifying common ancestors, derived traits, and the difference between homology and analogy.

Summarize the evidence for evolution from fossil, molecular, and biogeographic sources.