OAE Integrated Social Studies (025) flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Marbury v. Madison

1803 Supreme Court case establishing judicial review, the power of courts to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional. It made the judiciary a coequal branch.

Three-Fifths Compromise

Constitutional agreement counting enslaved people as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation, increasing Southern House seats without granting them voting rights.

Reconstruction Amendments

The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments abolished slavery, granted citizenship and equal protection, and protected voting rights regardless of race.

New Deal

Franklin Roosevelt's 1930s programs responding to the Great Depression, including Social Security, labor rights, and public works that expanded federal economic responsibility.

Civil Rights Act 1964

Federal law prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in public accommodations and employment, a landmark of the civil rights movement.

Federalist Papers

Eighty-five essays by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay arguing for ratification of the Constitution, explaining separation of powers, federalism, and checks on factions.

Hammurabi's Code

Babylonian legal code from around 1750 BCE, one of the earliest written law collections, notable for standardized punishments and the principle of retaliation.

Silk Roads

Overland trade networks linking China, Central Asia, and the Mediterranean that exchanged goods, technologies, religions, and diseases such as the plague.

Protestant Reformation

Sixteenth-century movement begun by Luther's 95 Theses challenging Catholic authority, leading to new Protestant denominations and religious wars in Europe.

Industrial Revolution

Beginning in eighteenth-century Britain, the shift from handcraft to machine production using coal and steam, transforming labor, cities, and global trade.

Berlin Conference

1884-1885 meeting of European powers that set rules for partitioning Africa, accelerating colonization without African representation.

Enlightenment

Eighteenth-century intellectual movement emphasizing reason, natural rights, and government by consent, influencing the American and French Revolutions.

Black Death

Fourteenth-century plague pandemic killing roughly a third of Europe's population, disrupting feudalism and labor systems.

Five Themes of Geography

Framework of location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, and region used to organize geographic analysis of places and connections.

Demographic Transition Model

Model describing population change through stages of birth and death rates as societies industrialize, from high growth to low growth.

Cultural Diffusion

Spread of ideas, technologies, or practices between societies, including relocation, contagious, hierarchical, and stimulus forms.

Push-Pull Factors

Migration model where push factors drive people away (war, famine) and pull factors attract them (jobs, safety, freedom).

Contour Lines

Map lines connecting points of equal elevation; closely spaced lines indicate steep terrain, widely spaced lines indicate gentle slopes.

Opportunity Cost

The value of the next-best alternative given up when a choice is made, illustrating scarcity and trade-offs in economic decisions.

Equilibrium Price

Price at which quantity demanded equals quantity supplied, clearing the market; above it creates surplus, below it creates shortage.

Price Elasticity of Demand

Measure of how much quantity demanded responds to price changes; elastic when substitutes are many, inelastic for necessities.

Comparative Advantage

Ability to produce a good at lower opportunity cost than another producer, the basis for mutually beneficial specialization and trade.

GDP Formula

Gross domestic product equals consumption plus investment plus government spending plus net exports (exports minus imports), measuring national output.

Federal Reserve Tools

Open market operations, discount rate, and reserve requirements used to influence money supply, interest rates, and inflation.

Checks and Balances

Constitutional system letting each branch limit others, such as vetoes, overrides, confirmation, and judicial review, preventing tyranny.

Supremacy Clause

Article VI provision making the Constitution and federal laws the supreme law of the land, superior to conflicting state laws.

Tinker v. Des Moines

1969 case holding that students retain First Amendment speech rights at school unless speech disrupts education, protecting symbolic expression.

Electoral College

Body of electors equal to each state's congressional representation that formally chooses the president, reflecting federalism.

Inquiry Arc

C3 Framework process: developing questions, applying concepts, evaluating sources and evidence, then communicating conclusions and taking informed action.

Primary Source

Document, artifact, or record created by participants at the time of an event, offering direct but potentially biased evidence for historians.

Sourcing a Document

Analyzing a source's author, audience, purpose, and date before using it, a core historical thinking skill for judging reliability.

Claim-Evidence-Reasoning

Argument structure stating a claim, supporting it with cited evidence, and explaining the reasoning that links evidence to the claim.