OMSB General Surgery (OEGS) flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Alvarado score

Clinical scoring system for acute appendicitis with eight components including migration of pain, anorexia, tenderness, rebound, fever, and leukocytosis; score of 7 or more supports operative management.

Tokyo Guidelines

Diagnostic and severity classification for acute cholecystitis and cholangitis based on local inflammation, systemic inflammation, and imaging; guides timing of cholecystectomy and biliary drainage.

qSOFA

Bedside score for suspected sepsis using respiratory rate 22/min or more, altered mentation, and systolic blood pressure 100 mmHg or less; score of 2 or more indicates high risk.

Shock index

Heart rate divided by systolic blood pressure; a value above 0.9 in trauma predicts need for massive transfusion and identifies occult haemorrhagic shock.

Parkland formula

Fluid resuscitation for burns: 4 mL of crystalloid per kg body weight per percent total body surface area burned, with half given in the first 8 hours from injury.

Rule of Nines

Burn surface area estimation: head 9%, each arm 9%, each leg 18%, anterior trunk 18%, posterior trunk 18%, perineum 1%; used to calculate resuscitation fluid.

Hinchey classification

Staging of complicated diverticulitis: I pericolic abscess, II pelvic abscess, III purulent peritonitis, IV faecal peritonitis; guides operative versus conservative management.

Ranson criteria

Prognostic scoring for acute pancreatitis using admission and 48-hour parameters; higher scores predict severe disease and mortality.

Child-Pugh score

Cirrhosis severity score using bilirubin, albumin, INR, ascites, and encephalopathy; class C patients are generally unsuitable for major hepatic resection.

Glasgow-Blatchford score

Risk score for upper gastrointestinal bleeding predicting need for intervention; score of 0-1 may allow safe discharge and outpatient management.

Rutherford classification

Classification of acute limb ischaemia from viable to irreversible; guides urgency of revascularisation and predicts limb salvage.

ABPI

Ankle-brachial pressure index; below 0.9 indicates peripheral arterial disease, below 0.4 indicates critical limb-threatening ischaemia, and above 1.3 suggests medial calcinosis.

Rigler triad

CT findings of gallstone ileus: pneumobilia, small bowel obstruction, and ectopic gallstone; treatment is enterolithotomy.

Strasberg classification

Classification of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy from A to E; major injuries require specialist hepatobiliary referral and hepaticojejunostomy.

Bethesda system

Cytological reporting system for thyroid fine needle aspiration; categories 4-6 warrant surgery while 1-3 require repeat or surveillance.

Howship-Romberg sign

Pain along the medial thigh caused by obturator hernia compressing the obturator nerve; classic presentation in elderly women with bowel obstruction.

Critical view of safety

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy technique requiring clear identification of cystic duct and cystic artery before clipping, reducing bile duct injury risk.

Lichtenstein repair

Tension-free mesh repair of inguinal hernia using a flat polypropylene mesh; standard open technique with low recurrence rate.

Total mesorectal excision

Surgical technique for rectal cancer removing the rectum with intact mesorectum and fascial envelope; reduces local recurrence.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy

Identification and removal of the first draining lymph node using blue dye and radioisotope; used for staging breast cancer and melanoma.

Triple assessment

Combined clinical examination, imaging, and tissue sampling for breast lumps; core biopsy preferred over fine needle aspiration for solid lesions.

TNBC

Triple-negative breast cancer lacking oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 expression; carries worst prognosis and is treated with chemotherapy and immunotherapy.

Adenoma-carcinoma sequence

Stepwise progression from adenomatous polyp to colorectal cancer through accumulated genetic mutations; basis for colonoscopy screening and polypectomy.

Lynch syndrome

Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer caused by mismatch repair gene mutations; increases colorectal and endometrial cancer risk and requires intensive surveillance.

LRINEC score

Laboratory risk indicator for necrotising fasciitis using CRP, white cell count, haemoglobin, sodium, creatinine, and glucose; aids early diagnosis.

GCS

Glasgow Coma Scale scoring eye, verbal, and motor responses from 3 to 15; score below 13 after head injury mandates urgent CT imaging.

FAST

Focused assessment with sonography for trauma; detects pericardial and free intraperitoneal fluid in unstable patients but misses retroperitoneal injury.

Beck triad

Classic signs of cardiac tamponade: hypotension, distended neck veins, and muffled heart sounds; requires urgent pericardiocentesis.

Damage control surgery

Staged approach in severely injured patients: control haemorrhage and contamination, temporary closure, then ICU correction of hypothermia, acidosis, and coagulopathy.

ERAS

Enhanced recovery after surgery protocol using preoperative counselling, carbohydrate loading, opioid-sparing analgesia, early feeding, and early mobilisation to reduce length of stay.

WHO surgical safety checklist

Three-phase checklist (sign in, time out, sign out) that improves communication and reduces surgical morbidity and mortality.

Duty of candour

Professional obligation to disclose harm to patients openly, apologise, document the discussion, and report to risk management.