OMSB Ophthalmology (OEOPTH) flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Acute angle-closure glaucoma

Ophthalmic emergency with sudden severe eye pain, headache, halos, mid-dilated fixed pupil, corneal edema, and IOP often above 40 mmHg. Treat immediately with IOP-lowering agents and laser peripheral iridotomy.

Primary open-angle glaucoma

Chronic progressive optic neuropathy with open anterior chamber angle, characteristic disc cupping, and visual field loss. Elevated IOP is the main modifiable risk factor; prostaglandin analogs are first-line therapy.

Bacterial keratitis

Corneal infection with stromal infiltrate, pain, photophobia, and possible hypopyon. Contact lens wear is the leading risk factor. Corneal scraping for culture precedes hourly fortified antibiotic drops.

Fungal keratitis

Corneal infection after vegetative trauma or contact lens use, with feathery infiltrates, satellite lesions, and endothelial plaques. Diagnosis by corneal scrape with Giemsa or calcofluor stain; treated with topical natamycin or voriconazole.

Acanthamoeba keratitis

Severe contact lens-related keratitis with disproportionate pain, radial keratoneuritis, and ring infiltrate. Diagnosis by confocal microscopy or culture on non-nutrient agar; treated with topical polyhexamethylene biguanide and chlorhexidine.

Herpes simplex keratitis

Recurrent corneal infection presenting with dendritic ulcer on fluorescein staining. Topical or oral antiviral therapy is used; topical steroids are contraindicated in active epithelial disease without antiviral cover.

Hyphema grading

Blood in the anterior chamber, usually from blunt trauma. Grade I occupies less than one-third of the chamber, grade II one-third to one-half, grade III one-half to near total, grade IV total.

Orbital cellulitis

Infection of orbital tissues with proptosis, restricted eye movement, pain on motion, and fever; a surgical emergency risk. Requires urgent CT imaging and IV antibiotics; abscess may need drainage.

Leukocoria causes

White pupillary reflex in a child. Differential includes retinoblastoma, congenital cataract, persistent fetal vasculature, Coats disease, toxocariasis, and retinal detachment. Any case requires urgent evaluation.

Retinoblastoma management

Intraocular malignancy of childhood presenting with leukocoria and strabismus. Treatment depends on staging: systemic chemotherapy with focal consolidation, intra-arterial chemotherapy, enucleation, or external beam radiation.

Retinopathy of prematurity

Vascular proliferative disease of premature infants. Screening for infants under 1500 g or under 32 weeks; staging by zone and clock hours; treatment with laser or anti-VEGF for type 1 disease.

Diabetic macular edema

Retinal thickening within the macula from diabetes. Center-involving edema is treated with intravitreal anti-VEGF injections; focal laser is used for non-center-involving lesions.

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Neovascularization at the disc or elsewhere driven by retinal ischemia. High-risk disease is treated with panretinal photocoagulation; anti-VEGF is an alternative in selected cases.

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

Separation of neurosensory retina from retinal pigment epithelium due to a retinal break with vitreous fluid ingress. Presents with flashes, floaters, and a curtain-like visual field defect.

Central retinal artery occlusion

Sudden painless monocular vision loss with cherry-red spot and pale retina. Embolic source often from carotid or cardiac disease; workup includes carotid imaging and echocardiography.

Central retinal vein occlusion

Sudden vision loss with blood-and-thunder fundus, disc edema, and macular edema. Associated with hypertension, diabetes, and hypercoagulability; anti-VEGF treats macular edema.

Giant cell arteritis

Large-vessel vasculitis in older adults with headache, jaw claudication, and elevated ESR. Risk of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and blindness; high-dose steroids must start immediately.

Optic neuritis

Inflammation of the optic nerve with unilateral vision loss, pain on eye movement, and relative afferent pupillary defect. Often associated with multiple sclerosis; treated with IV steroids for severe cases.

Papilledema

Bilateral optic disc swelling from raised intracranial pressure. Preserves initial visual acuity but enlarges the blind spot; requires neuroimaging and lumbar puncture.

Amblyopia

Reduced vision from abnormal visual development, often from strabismus, anisometropia, or deprivation. Treatment is refractive correction plus patching or atropine penalization before the critical period ends.

Infantile esotropia

Esotropia with onset before 6 months of age, often with cross-fixation and limited abduction. Treatment includes correction of refractive error and early surgical alignment to preserve binocular vision.

Thyroid eye disease

Autoimmune orbitopathy with proptosis, lid retraction, and restrictive strabismus. Smoking worsens disease; mild cases managed with selenium, severe cases with steroids or orbital decompression.

Chemical eye injury

Ocular emergency requiring immediate copious irrigation with saline for at least 30 minutes and pH monitoring. Alkali burns are more severe than acid because they penetrate deeper.

Corneal abrasion

Superficial corneal epithelial defect from trauma or contact lens wear. Treated with topical antibiotic prophylaxis; no patching for contact lens-related injury; avoid topical anesthetics.

Cataract surgery indications

Surgery is indicated when visual symptoms impair daily function. Biometry guides IOL power selection; formulas include SRK/T for long eyes and Hoffer Q for short eyes.

Endophthalmitis

Severe intraocular infection after surgery or trauma with pain, hypopyon, and vitritis. Treat with intravitreal vancomycin plus ceftazidime after vitreous tap; vitrectomy if light perception only.

Keratoconus

Progressive corneal thinning with ectasia, irregular astigmatism, and scissoring retinoscopy reflex. Management includes rigid contact lenses, corneal cross-linking for progression, and keratoplasty in advanced cases.

Anterior uveitis

Inflammation of the iris and ciliary body with pain, photophobia, cells and flare in the anterior chamber. Treated with topical steroids and cycloplegics; workup for systemic association if recurrent.

Pterygium

Fibrovascular growth from conjunctiva onto cornea, associated with UV exposure. Surgery indicated for visual axis involvement or recurrent inflammation; recurrence reduced with conjunctival autograft.

Macular degeneration

Age-related degeneration of the macula with drusen and pigmentary changes in dry type; choroidal neovascularization in wet type. Anti-VEGF injections treat wet disease.

Retinitis pigmentosa

Inherited retinal dystrophy with night blindness, bone-spicule pigmentation, and ring scotoma. No cure; management includes genetic counseling and low-vision rehabilitation.

Optic disc cupping

Enlargement of the optic cup with thinning of the neuroretinal rim, characteristic of glaucoma. Cup-to-disc ratio above 0.6 or asymmetry between eyes warrants glaucoma evaluation.