OMSB Pediatrics (OEPEDS) flashcards

34 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

APGAR score components

Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration, each scored 0-2 at 1 and 5 minutes; a score of 7-10 is generally reassuring and 4-6 indicates moderate depression.

Surfactant deficiency signs

Respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants presents with grunting, retractions, and ground-glass opacities with air bronchograms; antenatal corticosteroids reduce severity, and exogenous surfactant is given early.

Kernicterus risk factors

Severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia causes bilirubin encephalopathy; risk rises with hemolysis, prematurity, sepsis, acidosis, and total bilirubin above 25 mg/dL; acute signs include lethargy and hypertonia.

Necrotizing enterocolitis features

Preterm infants develop feeding intolerance, abdominal distension, and bloody stools; radiographs show pneumatosis intestinalis; treatment is bowel rest, decompression, and antibiotics, with surgery for perforation.

Tetralogy of Fallot components

The four features are ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, and right ventricular hypertrophy; the physiology causes cyanosis with decreased pulmonary blood flow and hypercyanotic spells.

Kawasaki disease criteria

Fever for at least five days plus four of conjunctivitis, oral mucosal changes, cervical lymphadenopathy, rash, and extremity changes; treat with IVIG and aspirin to prevent coronary artery aneurysms.

Prostaglandin E1 indication

Used to maintain ductal patency in duct-dependent congenital heart lesions such as transposition of the great arteries, critical pulmonary stenosis, interrupted aortic arch, and severe coarctation.

Hypercyanotic spell management

Knee-chest position, oxygen, morphine, and fluid bolus increase systemic vascular resistance and pulmonary blood flow; refractory cases receive phenylephrine or a beta-blocker; avoid dehydration and crying.

Asthma reversibility criterion

In children aged six years or older, asthma is supported by an increase in FEV1 of at least 12% after a bronchodilator, together with compatible symptoms and variable expiratory airflow limitation.

Cystic fibrosis diagnosis

Diagnosis requires a sweat chloride of at least 60 mmol/L on two occasions or two disease-causing CFTR mutations; newborn screening uses immunoreactive trypsinogen and is confirmed by sweat testing.

Croup treatment

A single dose of dexamethasone 0.15-0.6 mg/kg is given for barking cough and inspiratory stridor; nebulized epinephrine is added for moderate to severe stridor while the airway is monitored.

Epiglottitis airway caution

Sudden high fever, drooling, muffled voice, and tripod positioning suggest epiglottitis; do not inspect the throat or agitate the child, and secure the airway with anesthesia present.

Pyloric stenosis findings

First-born males at three to six weeks present with non-bilious projectile vomiting and an olive-shaped mass; ultrasound shows pyloric thickness of at least 3 mm; correct hypochloremic alkalosis before surgery.

Intussusception presentation

Children aged six to 36 months have colicky pain, drawing up of the legs, a sausage-shaped mass, and red currant jelly stool; ultrasound shows a target sign; air enema reduces it if no perforation.

Celiac disease testing

Tissue transglutaminase IgA with a total IgA level screens for celiac disease; duodenal biopsy shows villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia; lifelong gluten-free diet is the treatment.

Biliary atresia timing

Neonatal cholestasis with conjugated bilirubin above 1 mg/dL requires urgent evaluation; biliary atresia is treated with Kasai portoenterostomy, ideally before 60 days of age to improve bile drainage.

Simple febrile seizure

A generalized seizure lasting under 15 minutes in a child aged six months to five years with fever and no CNS infection; it occurs once in 24 hours and does not require long-term anticonvulsants.

Status epilepticus sequence

A seizure lasting over five minutes is treated first with a benzodiazepine, then a second benzodiazepine, then a second-line agent such as levetiracetam, fosphenytoin, or valproate.

Bacterial meningitis empiric therapy

Infants receive ampicillin plus cefotaxime or ceftriaxone plus vancomycin; dexamethasone is given before or with the first antibiotic dose when pneumococcal meningitis is suspected.

Guillain-Barré syndrome features

Ascending symmetric weakness with areflexia, albuminocytologic dissociation in cerebrospinal fluid, and nerve conduction slowing; monitor vital capacity and treat with IVIG or plasma exchange.

Diabetic ketoacidosis criteria

Glucose above 200 mg/dL with venous pH below 7.3 or bicarbonate below 15 mmol/L and ketonemia; treatment uses isotonic fluid, insulin infusion after the initial bolus, and electrolyte monitoring.

Congenital hypothyroidism treatment

Newborn screening detects elevated TSH; levothyroxine 10-15 µg/kg/day is started within two weeks of life to prevent intellectual disability, and thyroid function is reassessed after three years.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

21-hydroxylase deficiency causes virilization in girls and salt wasting with hyponatremia and hyperkalemia in severe forms; treatment is hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone replacement.

Precocious puberty definition

Breast or pubic hair development before age eight in girls or nine in boys; a GnRH stimulation test distinguishes central from peripheral causes, and central precocious puberty is treated with a GnRH agonist.

Infant fever evaluation

Infants younger than three months with fever without a source need blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid cultures and empiric ampicillin plus gentamicin or cefotaxime; those under 28 days are admitted.

Measles clinical features

Koplik spots, coryza, cough, conjunctivitis, and a descending maculopapular rash; use airborne precautions and give vitamin A, which reduces morbidity and mortality in children with measles.

Hand foot mouth disease

Coxsackievirus A16 and enterovirus A71 cause vesicles on the palms, soles, and oral mucosa; enterovirus A71 can cause brainstem encephalitis and cardiopulmonary failure.

Severe malaria treatment

Children with fever, anemia, and hepatosplenomegaly after travel to endemic areas are tested with smears or rapid diagnostic tests; severe malaria is treated with intravenous artesunate.

Pediatric assessment triangle

Appearance, work of breathing, and circulation to skin are assessed from the doorway; an abnormal finding prompts an immediate primary survey and resuscitation without delaying treatment.

Pediatric defibrillation energy

For ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia, deliver 2 J/kg for the first shock, then 4 J/kg for subsequent shocks, with compressions at 100-120 per minute.

Anaphylaxis epinephrine dose

Give intramuscular epinephrine 0.01 mg/kg of the 1 mg/mL concentration, maximum 0.5 mg, into the anterolateral thigh; repeat every 5-15 minutes, because epinephrine is first-line therapy.

Pediatric fluid bolus

Give 20 mL/kg of isotonic crystalloid for shock and reassess after each bolus; use 10 mL/kg in cardiogenic shock and diabetic ketoacidosis, and watch for signs of fluid overload.

Growth chart red flag

A child crossing two or more major percentile lines on weight-for-age, length-for-age, or weight-for-length charts warrants evaluation for failure to thrive, including CBC, celiac serology, and urinalysis.

Iron deficiency anemia treatment

Microcytic hypochromic anemia with low ferritin is treated with oral elemental iron 3 mg/kg/day for three months after hemoglobin normalizes; universal screening occurs at 12 months.