OMSB Residency Selection (OMRSE) flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

CURB-65

Pneumonia severity score: confusion, urea above 7 mmol/L, respiratory rate 30 or more, blood pressure below 90/60, age 65 or older. Guides site of care.

Holliday-Segar rule

Pediatric maintenance fluid calculation: 100 mL/kg/day for the first 10 kg, 50 mL/kg/day for the next 10 kg, and 20 mL/kg/day for each kg above 20.

Alvarado score

Clinical score for appendicitis based on migratory pain, anorexia, nausea, right iliac fossa tenderness, rebound, fever, and leukocytosis. Higher scores favor surgery.

Preeclampsia

New hypertension after 20 weeks of gestation with proteinuria or end-organ dysfunction. Delivery is definitive treatment; magnesium sulfate prevents seizures.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Life-threatening reaction to dopamine antagonists causing rigidity, fever, autonomic instability, and raised creatine kinase. Stop the drug and give supportive care with dantrolene or bromocriptine.

Anaphylaxis treatment

Intramuscular adrenaline 0.5 mg (1:1000) into the anterolateral thigh, repeated every 5 minutes as needed. Antihistamines and steroids are adjuncts, not first-line.

Renal clearance formula

Clearance equals urine concentration times urine flow divided by plasma concentration. Inulin measures glomerular filtration rate; para-aminohippurate measures renal plasma flow.

Informed consent elements

Capacity, adequate disclosure of risks, benefits, and alternatives, comprehension, and voluntariness. A signed form does not replace the consent discussion.

Oman health system

Government-funded public system led by the Ministry of Health, with tertiary hospitals in Muscat and regional hospitals and health centers delivering primary care.

Diabetic ketoacidosis management

Isotonic saline resuscitation, insulin infusion after potassium is above 3.3 mmol/L, and dextrose added when glucose falls below 11 mmol/L to clear ketones.

FAST scan

Focused assessment with sonography for trauma, examining pericardial, perihepatic, perisplenic, and pelvic windows for free fluid in unstable trauma patients.

Kawasaki disease

Fever for 5 days or more plus 4 of 5 features: conjunctivitis, mucosal changes, rash, extremity changes, cervical lymphadenopathy. Treat with IVIG and aspirin.

Postpartum hemorrhage

Uterine atony is the most common cause. Treat with massage and oxytocin, then carboprost, misoprostol, or tranexamic acid; surgery for refractory bleeding.

Metformin

First-line oral agent for type 2 diabetes; reduces hepatic glucose production. Hold during acute illness or contrast imaging if renal function is impaired.

Serotonin syndrome

Triad of clonus, hyperreflexia, and agitation after serotonergic drugs, sometimes with hyperthermia. Stop the offending agent and give benzodiazepines.

Sepsis bundle

Within one hour: cultures, lactate, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and 30 mL/kg crystalloid for hypotension or lactate of 4 mmol/L or more.

Half-life formula

Half-life equals 0.693 times volume of distribution divided by clearance. Steady state is reached after about four to five half-lives of regular dosing.

Confidentiality limits

Breach is justified by legal requirement, serious risk to others, or patient consent. Disclose only the minimum information necessary for the purpose.

Oman epidemiological transition

Non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer now dominate morbidity, while communicable disease surveillance and immunization remain priorities.

Nephrotic syndrome

Proteinuria above 3.5 g/day, albumin below 30 g/L, edema, and hyperlipidemia. Adults usually need renal biopsy to identify the underlying cause.

Primary survey ABCDE

Airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure. Life-threatening problems are treated as found before secondary survey and definitive imaging.

Simple febrile seizure

Generalized seizure under 15 minutes occurring once in 24 hours in a child aged 6 months to 5 years with fever. No routine EEG or anticonvulsant is needed.

Ectopic pregnancy

Empty uterus on transvaginal ultrasound with beta-hCG above the discriminatory zone. Methotrexate is used if unruptured and the patient is hemodynamically stable.

Hypertension diagnosis

Two or more readings of 140/90 mmHg or higher on separate occasions. Lifestyle change for all; pharmacotherapy for stage 2 or high cardiovascular risk.

Bipolar I mania

Elevated mood plus increased energy for at least one week with three or more symptoms. Treat acutely with a mood stabilizer plus antipsychotic; avoid antidepressant monotherapy.

ARDS Berlin criteria

Acute onset within one week, bilateral opacities, PaO2/FiO2 of 300 mmHg or less on PEEP of 5 cmH2O or more, not fully explained by cardiac failure.

Cardiac output

Cardiac output equals heart rate multiplied by stroke volume. Stroke volume depends on preload, afterload, and contractility according to the Frank-Starling relationship.

Root cause analysis

A structured, non-punitive review after a serious patient safety incident that identifies system failures and produces recommendations to prevent recurrence.

Oman notifiable disease reporting

Public health regulations require clinicians to report specified infectious diseases to surveillance authorities, triggering outbreak investigation and control measures.

Hyperkalemia emergency

Give IV calcium gluconate for membrane stabilization, then insulin with dextrose and salbutamol to shift potassium into cells. Dialysis for refractory cases.

Hernia anatomy

Indirect inguinal hernias pass lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels and are the most common type. Direct hernias pass medial through Hesselbach's triangle.

Gestational diabetes thresholds

On a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test: fasting 5.1 or higher, one-hour 10.0 or higher, or two-hour 8.5 mmol/L or higher. Any single value is diagnostic.