OSAT Biological Sciences (110) study plan

Map the four macromolecule classes to their monomers, bonds, and cellular functions, then draw each polymer's structure from memory

Trace the central dogma step by step (replication, transcription, translation) and annotate where each enzyme acts

Label a hand-drawn eukaryotic cell diagram with every organelle and write one function per organelle without notes

Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure in a two-column table covering at least eight features

Explain membrane transport types (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, osmosis) and predict the direction of water movement in three given scenarios

Sequence the stages of cellular respiration and photosynthesis and state the ATP/NADPH yield of each stage

Describe the phases of mitosis and meiosis and identify the phase from a written description of chromosome behavior

Distinguish enzyme kinetics terms (substrate, active site, competitive vs noncompetitive inhibition, denaturation) with one example each

Solve monohybrid and dihybrid crosses using Punnett squares and verify ratios with the product rule

Predict offspring outcomes for sex-linked, codominant, and incomplete-dominant traits

Interpret pedigree charts and determine the most likely mode of inheritance for three pedigrees

Describe chromosomal mutation types (deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation, nondisjunction) and their phenotypic consequences

Compare DNA and RNA structure and explain why DNA is the more stable hereditary molecule

Summarize the experiments and conclusions that established DNA as the genetic material and the semiconservative model of replication

State the Hardy-Weinberg conditions and calculate allele and genotype frequencies from given data

Contrast the mechanisms of natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation as agents of evolutionary change

Explain the scientific method and distinguish hypotheses, theories, and laws with original examples

Describe the levels of biological organization from atom to biosphere and give one emergent property at three levels

Summarize the evidence for evolution from fossils, comparative anatomy, embryology, and molecular data

Classify organisms using binomial nomenclature and interpret a simple dichotomous key

Compare the major plant groups and describe adaptations that allowed the move to land

Trace water and sugar transport in vascular plants using transpiration, cohesion-tension, and pressure-flow concepts

Relate animal body systems (circulatory, respiratory, digestive, excretory, nervous) to their primary functions and homeostatic roles

Describe how feedback loops maintain homeostasis using at least two concrete physiological examples

Model population growth (exponential vs logistic) and identify density-dependent and density-independent factors

Diagram energy flow and nutrient cycling through trophic levels, including the 10% rule and the roles of producers, consumers, and decomposers

Compare symbiotic relationships (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, predation, competition) with original examples

Explain succession and the effect of human activity on biodiversity and ecosystem stability

Take two full-length timed practice exams under test conditions and record per-domain accuracy

Review every missed question and write a corrected explanation citing the underlying concept

Re-drill the two weakest domains using targeted flashcards until each reaches at least 80% accuracy

Recite key definitions and formulas (Hardy-Weinberg, Punnett ratios, ATP yields) from memory in a five-minute speed review