PCET flashcards
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32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Object permanence
- The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard or touched. It develops in Piaget's sensorimotor stage, typically between 8 and 12 months of age.
- Zone of Proximal Development
- Vygotsky's term for the range of tasks a learner can perform with guidance but not yet independently. Instruction is most effective when aimed at this zone.
- Conservation (Piaget)
- The recognition that quantity, mass or volume stays the same despite changes in appearance or arrangement. It is typically achieved in the concrete operational stage, around age seven.
- Negative reinforcement
- A behaviourist procedure in which a response is strengthened by removing an unpleasant stimulus. It is not the same as punishment, which weakens behaviour.
- Inclusive education
- An approach in which children with disabilities learn alongside peers in regular classrooms with necessary accommodations, following the least restrictive environment principle.
- Gurmukhi script
- The script used to write Punjabi. It has thirty-five primary letters, is written left to right, and all characters hang from a common top line called the sirlekh.
- Tone in Punjabi
- A phonemic feature of Punjabi with low, mid and high tones. The letter ha after a consonant often signals a low tone, as in the word for 'to say'.
- Tippi and bindi
- Diacritics marking nasalisation in Gurmukhi. Tippi is placed over short vowels and bindi over long vowels; addhak doubles the following consonant.
- Krashen's affective filter
- A hypothesis that anxiety, low motivation or low self-confidence can block language input from being acquired. A low filter allows comprehensible input to reach the learner.
- Cummins' interdependence hypothesis
- The idea that skills and concepts learned in a first language transfer to a second language, so strong home-language literacy supports second-language reading.
- Phonemic awareness
- The ability to hear, identify and manipulate individual sounds in spoken words. It is a strong predictor of early reading success and is taught orally before phonics.
- Subject-verb agreement
- The grammatical rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person. Indefinite pronouns such as everyone and each take singular verbs.
- Direct to indirect speech
- A reported-speech transformation in which tense shifts one step back, pronouns change to the reporter's perspective, and time and place words are adjusted.
- Communicative Language Teaching
- An approach that prioritises meaningful interaction and authentic tasks over isolated grammar drills, with the teacher acting as a facilitator of communication.
- Analytic writing rubric
- A scoring guide that rates separate dimensions such as content, organisation, grammar, vocabulary and mechanics, rather than giving one overall impression.
- Place value
- The value of a digit determined by its position in a number. Each position is ten times the value of the position to its right.
- Divisibility by 11
- A number is divisible by eleven if the difference between the sum of digits in alternating positions is zero or a multiple of eleven.
- HCF-LCM relation
- For two positive integers, the product of their highest common factor and lowest common multiple equals the product of the two numbers.
- Area of a circle
- The area enclosed by a circle equals pi times the square of its radius, written A = πr², while the circumference is C = 2πr.
- Simple interest formula
- Simple interest equals principal times rate times time divided by one hundred, written SI = PRT/100, where rate is per annum and time is in years.
- Ten percent law
- The ecological rule that only about ten percent of energy at one trophic level is transferred to the next, so food chains rarely exceed four or five links.
- Photosynthesis equation
- Six molecules of carbon dioxide plus six of water, using light energy and chlorophyll, produce one glucose molecule and six oxygen molecules.
- BOD
- Biochemical oxygen demand measures the oxygen consumed by microbes breaking down organic matter in water. A high BOD indicates organic pollution.
- Greenhouse gases
- Gases that absorb and re-emit infrared radiation, warming the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and water vapour are the main examples.
- Rain shadow
- A dry region on the leeward side of a mountain range, where descending air has lost its moisture after raining on the windward side.
- Fundamental Duties
- Moral obligations of citizens listed in Article 51A, added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee.
- Directive Principles
- Guidelines in Part IV of the Indian Constitution that direct state policy toward social and economic welfare. They are not enforceable in courts.
- Dandi March
- Gandhi's 1930 march to the sea at Dandi to make salt in defiance of the British salt law, a major event of the civil disobedience movement.
- Indian Standard Time
- The time zone of India, based on the 82.5°E longitude passing through Mirzapur, five and a half hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time.
- Ohm's law
- The current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it, provided temperature is constant, written V = IR.
- Neutralisation reaction
- A reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt and water. The pH moves toward seven as the acid and base cancel each other.
- Cell theory
- The principle that all living organisms are made of cells, that the cell is the basic unit of life, and that new cells arise from existing cells.