Science
Science tests upper-primary content and process skills: matter, motion, light, electricity, living organisms, health and environment. Questions often require explanation, prediction and safe classroom investigation rather than recall alone.
Core rules
- Matter has states and properties; physical changes are reversible without new substances, while chemical changes form new substances. Separation methods depend on the property used.
- Motion uses speed, velocity and acceleration; force changes motion; Newton's laws are applied qualitatively.
- Light shows reflection and refraction; sound needs a vibrating source and a medium; electricity follows I = V/R, with series and parallel rules.
- Biology includes cell structure, photosynthesis, respiration, digestion, reproduction and ecosystems.
- Pedagogy: use predict-observe-explain, control variables and follow laboratory safety.
Worked example
A 6 V battery is connected across a 3 ohm resistor. Current is I = V/R = 6/3 = 2 A. If the resistance is doubled to 6 ohms while voltage stays 6 V, current becomes 6/6 = 1 A. Current halves because resistance and current are inversely related at constant voltage. Saying current doubles reverses the relationship.
Traps
- Confusing mass with weight and speed with velocity.
- Labelling a physical change as chemical, or reflection as refraction.
- Mixing series and parallel rules for current and voltage.
- Believing plants eat soil rather than make food by photosynthesis.
- Ignoring units or unsafe laboratory practice.