PNG CASA IR Air Law key terms

The 1944 multilateral treaty that established the legal framework for international civil aviation, creating ICAO and setting out the rights and obligations of contracting states regarding navigation, aircraft, and airports.

A technical standard or recommended practice attached to the Chicago Convention covering a specific subject such as personnel licensing, airworthiness, or rules of the air; states must notify any differences.

The two categories of provision in ICAO Annexes: Standards are mandatory requirements for safety or regularity, while Recommended Practices are desirable but not binding; both allow filed differences.

The formal process by which a contracting state tells ICAO where its national regulations depart from an Annex Standard or Recommended Practice, so other states know what to expect.

The Chicago Convention article granting non-scheduled aircraft of contracting states the right to fly over or land in other contracting states for non-traffic purposes without prior permission, subject to state conditions.

The Chicago Convention article providing that no scheduled international air service may operate over or into a contracting state's territory except with special permission or authorization from that state.

The commercial entitlements granted by a state allowing an airline to carry passengers, cargo, or mail between specified points, usually set out in bilateral air services agreements.

The carriage of traffic between two points within the same state by an aircraft registered in another state; normally restricted or prohibited unless specifically granted.

A set of nine commonly cited commercial aviation privileges, from overflight and technical stops through to full cabotage, used to describe what rights an air services agreement confers.

A bilateral or multilateral treaty between states that specifies routes, capacity, tariffs, and traffic rights for airlines of those states, supplementing the Chicago Convention framework.

The capacity and tariff model established by the 1946 UK–US air services agreement, which influenced later bilaterals by limiting capacity to demand and requiring airline tariff agreement subject to government approval.

The International Civil Aviation Organization, a UN specialised agency that develops international standards, procedures, and guidance for civil aviation safety, security, and facilitation.

Procedures for Air Navigation Services: ICAO documents containing operating procedures that are too detailed for Annexes but are globally applied, such as PANS-OPS for instrument procedure design.

The Aeronautical Information Publication: a state-published document containing permanent aeronautical information essential to air navigation, including rules, procedures, and aerodrome data.

A notice distributed by means of telecommunication containing information on the establishment, condition, or change of any aeronautical facility, service, procedure, or hazard whose timely knowledge is essential.

Aeronautical Information Circular: a notice containing information that does not qualify for a NOTAM or AIP but relates to flight safety, air navigation, technical, administrative, or legislative matters.

The state organisation responsible for collecting, validating, and publishing aeronautical data through the AIP, NOTAMs, and circulars so that pilots and operators have current information.

A document issued by the state of registry recording the nationality and registration marks of an aircraft and identifying its owner, required to be carried on board.

A certificate issued by the state of registry confirming that an aircraft conforms to its type design and is safe to operate within specified limitations, subject to continuing airworthiness requirements.

The contracting state on whose register an aircraft is entered; it is responsible under the Chicago Convention for the aircraft's airworthiness, crew licensing, and compliance with standards.

The letters or symbols, such as P2 for Papua New Guinea, that identify the state of registry and are painted on an aircraft together with its registration marks.

A document issued by an airworthiness authority approving the design of an aircraft type as meeting the applicable certification basis, from which individual airworthiness certificates derive.

An approval issued when an aircraft's design is significantly modified from its original type certificate, such as a freighter conversion or a new engine installation.

A mandatory instruction issued by an airworthiness authority requiring inspection, modification, or other action on aircraft or components to correct an unsafe condition.

The set of processes, including maintenance, inspections, and record-keeping, that keep an aircraft in a condition compliant with its type design throughout its operational life.

A certification signed by authorised maintenance personnel confirming that work has been completed satisfactorily and the aircraft or component is fit for return to service.

An organisation holding a state-issued approval permitting it to perform maintenance, inspections, or repairs on aircraft or components within defined ratings and limitations.

An entry made on a flight crew licence by the issuing authority recording a rating, type, or privilege, such as a type rating or instrument rating, and its validity.

An authorisation entered on a pilot licence permitting the holder to act as pilot on a specific aircraft type requiring type-specific training, as distinct from class ratings.

A licence endorsement allowing a pilot to fly under instrument flight rules and conduct instrument approaches, subject to currency and recency requirements.

The period during which a flight crew licence, rating, or medical certificate remains legally effective, often extended by recent experience or recurrent checks.

A document issued by an authorised medical examiner confirming that a licence holder meets the applicable medical fitness standards for the privileges to be exercised.

The regulatory provisions governing flight operations in a state's territory and over the high seas, covering right of way, cruising levels, lights, and signals, largely based on ICAO Annex 2.

Visual Flight Rules: the flight rules under which a pilot operates with visual reference to the ground, subject to specified visibility and distance-from-cloud minima.

Instrument Flight Rules: the flight rules under which a pilot operates primarily by reference to instruments, requiring an instrument rating and an ATC clearance in controlled airspace.

Visual Meteorological Conditions: the weather conditions expressed in terms of visibility and distance from cloud in which flight under visual flight rules is permitted.

Instrument Meteorological Conditions: weather conditions below the visual meteorological minima, requiring flight under instrument flight rules or an appropriate special clearance.

Airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control service is provided to controlled flights, classified into categories A to G with differing rules and clearances.

An authorisation by air traffic control for an aircraft to proceed under specified conditions, which the pilot must comply with unless an emergency requires deviation.

The mandatory repetition by a pilot of safety-related ATC instructions, such as route clearances, altitudes, and runway assignments, to confirm correct receipt and understanding.

The rules determining which aircraft has priority in converging or conflicting situations, such as landing aircraft over others, and lower over higher categories, with specific passing rules.