AdUCET flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Gerund

A verb form ending in -ing that works as a noun, as in 'Reading improves vocabulary', where 'reading' is the subject of the sentence.

Active versus passive voice

In active voice the subject performs the action ('Ravi wrote the letter'); in passive voice the object becomes subject with a past participle ('The letter was written by Ravi').

Countable versus uncountable nouns

Countable nouns take 'fewer' and plural verbs, as in 'fewer books'; uncountable nouns take 'less' and singular verbs, as in 'less water'.

Reported speech tense shift

After a past reporting verb, present simple becomes past simple, present continuous becomes past continuous, and present perfect becomes past perfect.

Independent clause

A group of words containing a subject and a finite verb that can stand alone as a complete sentence; a dependent clause cannot stand alone.

Idiom: bite the bullet

To face a painful or difficult situation with courage instead of avoiding it, as in 'She bit the bullet and confessed to the error'.

Inference in comprehension

A conclusion drawn from facts stated in a passage rather than quoted directly; it must be supported by the text, not by outside knowledge.

Profit percentage formula

Profit % = (Selling Price − Cost Price) divided by Cost Price, times 100; if selling price is below cost price the result is a loss.

Compound interest formula

A = P(1 + r/100)^n, where P is principal, r the annual rate and n the number of years; compound interest equals A minus P.

Combined work formula

If A alone finishes a job in a days and B alone in b days, working together they finish it in ab/(a + b) days, since their rates add.

Speed unit conversion

Multiply a speed in km/h by 5/18 to obtain metres per second, and multiply a speed in m/s by 18/5 to obtain km/h.

Sum of first n natural numbers

The sum 1 + 2 + ... + n equals n(n + 1)/2, while the sum of the first n odd numbers equals n squared.

LCM and HCF relation

For two positive integers, LCM multiplied by HCF equals the product of the two numbers; the relation does not extend to three or more numbers.

Price rise and consumption cut

If a price increases by x percent, consumption must decrease by 100x/(100 + x) percent for total expenditure to remain exactly unchanged.

Quadratic formula

For ax² + bx + c = 0 with a not equal to zero, roots are [−b ± √(b² − 4ac)]/2a; the discriminant b² − 4ac fixes their nature.

Syllogism all-all rule

Two universal affirmative premises, 'All A are B' and 'All B are C', validly yield 'All A are C'; the conclusion must hold in every diagram.

Contrapositive

The contrapositive of 'If P then Q' is 'If not Q then not P'; these two statements are logically equivalent, unlike a statement and its converse.

Clock hand angle formula

At H hours and M minutes the angle between the hour and minute hands is |30H − 5.5M| degrees, taken as the smaller angle if it exceeds 180.

Odd days in a year

An ordinary year has 1 odd day and a leap year has 2; 100 years give 5 odd days, 200 give 3, 300 give 1 and 400 give 0.

Painted cube corner cubes

When a cube of side n is cut into unit cubes and painted on the outside, exactly 8 small cubes at the corners have three painted faces.

Alphabet shift coding

In letter-shift coding each letter is replaced by one a fixed number of places away; testing A = 1 to Z = 26 reveals the constant shift.

Blood relation: only daughter

If A is the son of B's only daughter, then A is B's grandson and B is A's maternal grandparent through the mother's line.

Article 368

Article 368 of the Indian Constitution sets out the procedure for amending the Constitution, including the special majority and ratification requirements.

Fundamental Rights articles

Fundamental Rights are contained in Part III, Articles 12 to 35, of the Indian Constitution, and are enforced through writs under Article 32.

RBI establishment

The Reserve Bank of India was established on 1 April 1935 under the Reserve Bank of India Act 1934, and was nationalised in 1949.

United Nations founding

The United Nations was founded on 24 October 1945; its headquarters is in New York City and the General Assembly is its main deliberative organ.

Tropic of Cancer in India

The Tropic of Cancer, at about 23.5 degrees north, passes through eight Indian states, including Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and West Bengal.

Newton's second law

The net force on a body equals its mass times acceleration, F = ma; force is measured in newtons, where 1 N equals 1 kg·m/s².

pH definition

pH equals minus the logarithm to base ten of the hydrogen ion concentration; at 25 °C a value of 7 is neutral, below 7 acidic and above 7 basic.

Accounting equation

Assets equal Liabilities plus Capital; every transaction keeps this equation balanced because each debit has an equal and corresponding credit.

Binary to decimal conversion

Each binary digit stands for a power of two counted from the right, so 1010 equals 8 + 0 + 2 + 0, which is decimal 10.

GDP expenditure identity

Gross domestic product at market prices equals C + I + G + (X − M), where the terms are consumption, investment, government spending and net exports.