PUPCET flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Quadratic formula

For ax² + bx + c = 0 with a ≠ 0, the solutions are x = [−b ± √(b² − 4ac)] / (2a).

Discriminant

In ax² + bx + c = 0, the discriminant is b² − 4ac. Positive means two real roots, zero means one repeated root, negative means no real roots.

Perpendicular line slopes

Two nonvertical lines are perpendicular when the product of their slopes is −1; if one slope is m, the other is −1/m.

Arithmetic sequence nth term

For an arithmetic sequence with first term a₁ and common difference d, the nth term is aₙ = a₁ + (n − 1)d.

Independent events probability

When events A and B are independent, the probability that both occur is P(A) × P(B); one outcome does not affect the other.

Area of a circle

The area of a circle with radius r is A = πr², and its circumference is C = 2πr.

Percent change formula

Percent change = (new value − old value) ÷ old value × 100. A positive result is an increase; a negative result is a decrease.

Subject-verb agreement rule

A singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb; prepositional phrases between them do not change the verb.

Active voice

In active voice the subject performs the action, as in 'The chef cooked the meal'; passive voice reverses this using be plus a past participle.

Inference in reading

An inference is a conclusion drawn from evidence in the passage plus background knowledge; it is implied rather than directly stated by the author.

Main idea

The main idea is the central point a passage conveys about its topic; it is broad enough to cover all the supporting details.

Parallel structure

Items joined by 'and' or placed in a list must use the same grammatical form, such as all infinitives, all gerunds, or all nouns.

Misplaced modifier

A modifying phrase must be placed next to the word it describes; otherwise it dangles and creates an unintended or illogical meaning.

Transition word however

'However' signals contrast between two ideas; it introduces a statement that limits or opposes the idea stated immediately before it.

Newton's second law

The net force on an object equals its mass times its acceleration (F = ma); acceleration points in the direction of the net force.

Photosynthesis equation

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂; chloroplasts containing chlorophyll convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

DNA base pairing

In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine; in RNA, adenine pairs with uracil instead of thymine.

Mitosis versus meiosis

Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells for growth and repair; meiosis produces four genetically varied haploid gametes for sexual reproduction.

pH scale

pH below 7 is acidic, 7 is neutral, and above 7 is basic; each whole-unit change means a tenfold change in hydrogen-ion concentration.

Mitochondria function

Mitochondria are organelles that carry out cellular respiration, converting glucose and oxygen into ATP, the cell's main energy currency.

Number series constant difference

In an arithmetic number series, each term changes by the same amount; find the difference between consecutive terms and continue the pattern.

Letter position A=1

Convert letters to numbers using A = 1, B = 2, up to Z = 26; this reveals shifts, reversals, and skip patterns in letter series.

Valid syllogism form

The form 'All A are B; X is A; therefore X is B' is valid. The form 'All A are B; X is B; therefore X is A' is invalid.

Analogy relationship

An analogy links two pairs by the same relationship, such as part-to-whole, cause-to-effect, or worker-to-tool; identify the link, then apply it.

Odd-one-out items

In odd-one-out items, classify each option by a shared property; the option that lacks the property common to the others is the answer.

Coding-decoding letter shift

In letter-shift codes, each letter is replaced by one a fixed number of places away in the alphabet; test the rule on a known word.

Perpektibong aspekto

Ang perpektibo ay aspekto ng pandiwa na nagsasaad na tapos na ang kilos, halimbawa 'nagluto', 'kumain', at 'sumulat'.

Pokus ng pandiwa

Ang pokus ay ang kaugnayan ng pandiwa sa paksa ng pangungusap; sa pokus sa aktor, ang paksa ang gumaganap ng kilos.

Simili

Ang simili ay tayutay na paghahambing ng dalawang bagay gamit ang 'gaya ng', 'kapara', 'tulad ng', o 'parang'.

Sawikain

Ang sawikain o idyoma ay pariralang may di-tuwirang kahulugan; halimbawa, ang 'kumukulo ang dugo' ay nangangahulugang galit na galit.

Sanhi at bunga

Ang sanhi ay dahilan ng pangyayari at ang bunga ay resulta nito; madalas ipakita ito ng mga hudyat na 'dahil', 'sapagkat', at 'kaya'.

Paglalapi

Ang paglalapi ay pagbuo ng salita sa pamamagitan ng pagdaragdag ng panlapi: unlapi sa unahan, gitlapi sa loob, at hulapi sa dulo.